Araya Tadesse
Uppsala University, Sweden.
Exp Psychol. 2003;50(4):247-56. doi: 10.1026//1618-3169.50.4.247.
Based on the automotive model (J. A. Bargh, 1990) and the directed forgetting paradigm, the present study investigated whether incidentally activated forget and remember cues can lead to similar effects as explicitly given instructions. To this end, the present paper attempted to replicate the findings of Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, and Ford (1997) employing their category primes (child abuser, neutral), study lists (List 1, List 2), and procedure. Using explicit directed forgetting instructions, Experiment 1 showed that the recall of the stereotypically relevant words (List 1) was higher when participants were given a remember than a forget instruction. This effect was found regardless of the prime conditions. Similarly, Experiment 2 showed that participants in the child abuser and neutral prime conditions recalled more stereotypically relevant words (List 1) when they were implicitly cued to remember than to forget these words. Experiment 3 showed that cognitively busy participants in the child-abuser, but not in the neutral prime condition, recalled more to-be-forgotten stereotypical words than nonbusy participants. These results are consistent with Macrae et al. s findings, and show that the effects of directed forgetting instructions are similar regardless of whether they were given explicitly or were activated incidentally. Results are discussed in relation to stereotype maintenance.
基于汽车模型（J. A. 巴格，1990）和定向遗忘范式，本研究调查了偶然激活的遗忘和记忆线索是否能产生与明确给出的指示类似的效果。为此，本文试图复制麦克雷、博登豪森、米尔恩和福特（1997）的研究结果，采用他们的类别启动词（儿童虐待者、中性）、研究列表（列表1、列表2）和程序。实验1使用明确的定向遗忘指示，结果表明，当给参与者“记住”而非“遗忘”的指示时，刻板印象相关词语（列表1）的回忆率更高。无论启动条件如何，均发现了这一效应。同样，实验2表明，在儿童虐待者启动条件和中性启动条件下，当参与者被隐性提示记住而非遗忘这些词语时，他们回忆起的刻板印象相关词语（列表1）更多。实验3表明，处于儿童虐待者启动条件下的认知忙碌参与者，而非中性启动条件下的参与者，比不忙碌的参与者回忆起更多要遗忘的刻板印象词语。这些结果与麦克雷等人的研究结果一致，表明无论定向遗忘指示是明确给出还是偶然激活，其效果都是相似的。研究结果将结合刻板印象的维持进行讨论。
