Arbib Michael A
Department of Computer Science, Neuroscience and USC Brain Project, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA.
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2003 Oct 15;361(1811):2345-79. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1248.
Walter's Machina speculatrix inspired the name Rana computatrix for a family of models of visuomotor coordination in the frog, which contributed to the development of computational neuroethology. We offer here an 'evolutionary' perspective on models in the same tradition for rat, monkey and human. For rat, we show how the frog-like taxon affordance model provides a basis for the spatial navigation mechanisms that involve the hippocampus and other brain regions. For monkey, we recall two models of neural mechanisms for visuomotor coordination. The first, for saccades, shows how interactions between the parietal and frontal cortex augment superior colliculus seen as the homologue of frog tectum. The second, for grasping, continues the theme of parieto-frontal interactions, linking parietal affordances to motor schemas in premotor cortex. It further emphasizes the mirror system for grasping, in which neurons are active both when the monkey executes a specific grasp and when it observes a similar grasp executed by others. The model of human-brain mechanisms is based on the mirror-system hypothesis of the evolution of the language-ready brain, which sees the human Broca's area as an evolved extension of the mirror system for grasping.
沃尔特的“推测机器”启发了人们用“计算蛙”来命名青蛙视觉运动协调模型家族，这推动了计算神经行为学的发展。在此，我们从“进化”的角度审视大鼠、猴子和人类的同传统模型。对于大鼠，我们展示了类似青蛙的分类群可供性模型如何为涉及海马体及其他脑区的空间导航机制提供基础。对于猴子，我们回顾了两种视觉运动协调的神经机制模型。第一种是关于眼跳的，展示了顶叶和额叶皮质之间的相互作用如何增强被视为青蛙顶盖同源物的上丘功能。第二种是关于抓握的，延续了顶叶 - 额叶相互作用的主题，将顶叶可供性与运动前皮质中的运动模式联系起来。它进一步强调了抓握的镜像系统，其中当猴子执行特定抓握动作以及观察到其他猴子执行类似抓握动作时，神经元都会活跃。人脑机制模型基于语言准备就绪大脑进化的镜像系统假说，该假说将人类布洛卡区视为抓握镜像系统的进化延伸。
