Miller Kimberly M, Swick Diane
University of California, Berkeley and Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, USA.
J Cogn Neurosci. 2003 Oct 1;15(7):981-90. doi: 10.1162/089892903770007371.
Interactive models of reading propose that phonological representations directly activate and/or constrain orthographic representations through feedback. These models also predict that spoken words should activate their orthographic forms. The effect of word orthography on auditory lexical access was investigated in two patients with alexia without agraphia. Several theories of alexia suggest that letter-by-letter reading results from impaired access to orthographic representations. Although alexics can often correctly identify orally spelled words and spell to dictation, it is unknown whether they can access the whole orthographic "word-form" as a unit via auditory presentation. The nonobligatory activation of orthography was examined in an auditory lexical decision task, in which the orthographic and phonological similarity between prime and target was manipulated. In controls, the combined effect of phonological and orthographic relatedness (OP) produced greater facilitation than phonological relatedness alone, indicating that orthography can influence auditory lexical decisions. The alexics displayed patterns of facilitation comparable to controls, suggesting they can quickly access whole-word orthographic information via the auditory modality. An alternate account posits that the OP advantage does not require on-line access of orthography, but instead is a developmental by-product of learning to read an orthographically inconsistent language. The results have implications for cognitive theories of alexia and provide support for interactive models of word recognition.
交互式阅读模型提出，语音表征通过反馈直接激活和/或限制正字法表征。这些模型还预测，口语单词应该激活其正字法形式。在两名失读症但无失写症的患者中，研究了单词正字法对听觉词汇通达的影响。几种失读症理论表明，逐字母阅读是由于对正字法表征的通达受损所致。尽管失读症患者通常能够正确识别口头拼写的单词并根据听写进行拼写，但他们是否能够通过听觉呈现将整个正字法“单词形式”作为一个单元进行通达尚不清楚。在一项听觉词汇判断任务中，研究了正字法的非强制性激活，其中启动刺激和目标刺激之间的正字法和语音相似性受到了操控。在对照组中，语音和正字法相关性（OP）的综合效应比单独的语音相关性产生了更大的促进作用，这表明正字法可以影响听觉词汇判断。失读症患者表现出与对照组相当的促进模式，这表明他们可以通过听觉通道快速通达整个单词的正字法信息。另一种解释认为，OP优势并不需要在线通达正字法，而是学习阅读一种正字法不一致的语言的发展副产品。这些结果对失读症的认知理论具有启示意义，并为单词识别的交互式模型提供了支持。
