The effect of androgen supplementation therapy on the prostate.

With the recent availability of transdermal formulations, androgen supplementation therapy is increasingly being prescribed for men in their 50s and 60s. With the growing use of testosterone products, there is concern about the long-term risks of androgen supplementation therapy, particularly on the prostate. This article reviews what is known about the safety of testosterone replacement therapy in terms of the potential risks for development of symptomatic benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer. Androgens are undoubtedly involved in the growth of benign prostatic nodules, as a permissive factor in the etiology of prostate carcinoma and in the enhancement of the growth of active prostate cancer. Their role in the initiation of either disease is less clear. Available data support the safety of such treatment in the short term. Caution is still advised in the interpretation of these findings, as the studies producing the data have involved relatively small numbers of participants. Until large, long-term, placebo-controlled studies have been conducted and analyzed, questions about the long-term safety of testosterone supplementation therapy in older men will remain.