Hoffmann F G, Baker R J
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA.
Mol Ecol. 2003 Dec;12(12):3403-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02009.x.
This is the first study of comparative phylogeography involving closely related species of Neotropical bats of the family Phyllostomidae. We compared patterns of geographical variation within the five species of fruit-eating bats currently recognized in the genus Carollia using the complete mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene. Our results suggest that the combined effect of the uplift of the Andes and the Panamanian land bridge has been as important for bats as for terrestrial mammals in shaping present-day biodiversity in the New World tropics. Species in this genus can be arranged in two highly supported clades, with a deep subdivision within each that corresponds well to differences across the Andes. We found three congruent phylogeographical patterns across species in this genus. First, the closer relationship between samples from western Ecuador and those from Central America, compared with populations east of the Andes in C. brevicauda, C. castanea and C. perspicillata. Second, the likelihood of a similar timing in South America for the arrival and diversification of C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata from their Central America ancestors. Third, the expansion of C. perspicillata and C. sowelli into northwestern Central America in the relatively recent past. Using a molecular clock, with rates ranging from 2.3 to 5% per 10(6) years, diversification within Carollia would have occurred over the last 1-4.5 Myr. These estimates agree well with the last rise of the Northern Andes and the Panama isthmus.
这是首次对叶口蝠科新热带区蝙蝠的近缘物种进行比较系统地理学研究。我们利用完整的线粒体细胞色素b基因，比较了卡罗利亚属目前公认的五种食果蝠的地理变异模式。我们的研究结果表明，安第斯山脉隆起和巴拿马地峡的综合作用，对蝙蝠在塑造新世界热带地区当今生物多样性方面的重要性，与对陆生哺乳动物的重要性相当。该属物种可分为两个得到高度支持的进化枝，每个进化枝内部分化明显，这与安第斯山脉两侧的差异高度吻合。我们在该属物种中发现了三种一致的系统地理模式。第一，与短尾果蝠、栗果蝠和白鼻果蝠安第斯山脉以东的种群相比，厄瓜多尔西部样本与中美洲样本之间的关系更为密切。第二，短尾果蝠和白鼻果蝠从它们的中美洲祖先到达南美洲并实现多样化的时间可能相似。第三，白鼻果蝠和索氏果蝠在相对较近的过去向中美洲西北部扩张。使用分子钟，每10^6年的速率在2.3%至5%之间，卡罗利亚属内的多样化可能发生在过去1 - 450万年之间。这些估计与北安第斯山脉和巴拿马地峡的最后一次隆升高度吻合。
