Bidmos Mubarak A, Asala Samuel A
School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
J Forensic Sci. 2003 Nov;48(6):1213-8.
The skull and some postcranial elements, such as the humerus, femur, and tibia, have been used in their intact states for sex determination in forensic and archaeological cases. But, in practice, these bones are often recovered in fragmented states, which render them unsuitable for use in sex determination. The calcaneus is a compact bone that is able to withstand high tensile forces. Some of its parameters have been used for sex determination in American whites and blacks (1) and Italians (2). This bone has not been used for sex determination in the South African white population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism of the calcaneus of the South African white population sample, derive discriminant function score equations for use in sex determination, and determine the level of accuracy of its sex-determining ability. Nine parameters were measured on each pair of 53 male and 60 female calcanei of known South African white skeletons, obtained by a random sampling technique from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Basic statistic and discriminant function analysis was performed on the acquired data. The basic statistics showed that all measured parameters were sexually dimorphic. Discriminant function score equations were generated for use in sex determination. The average accuracy of sex classification ranged from 73 to 86% for the univariate method, 81 to 91% for the stepwise method, and 82 to 92% for the direct method. It is concluded that the calcaneus is useful for sex determination in the South African white population.
颅骨和一些颅后骨骼元素，如肱骨、股骨和胫骨，在法医和考古案例中已被完整地用于性别鉴定。但在实际中，这些骨骼常常以破碎状态被发现，这使得它们不适用于性别鉴定。跟骨是一种致密骨，能够承受高拉力。它的一些参数已被用于美国白人和黑人（1）以及意大利人（2）的性别鉴定。在南非白人人群中尚未使用该骨骼进行性别鉴定。因此，本研究的目的是评估南非白人人群样本跟骨的两性异形程度，推导用于性别鉴定的判别函数得分方程，并确定其性别鉴定能力的准确程度。通过随机抽样技术，从约翰内斯堡威特沃特斯兰德大学解剖科学学院雷蒙德·A·达特人类骨骼收藏中获取了53具已知南非白人男性和60具已知南非白人女性的跟骨，对每对跟骨测量了九个参数。对获取的数据进行了基本统计和判别函数分析。基本统计表明，所有测量参数都存在两性异形。生成了用于性别鉴定的判别函数得分方程。单变量法的性别分类平均准确率为73%至86%，逐步法为81%至91%，直接法为82%至92%。得出结论，跟骨对南非白人人群的性别鉴定有用。
