Wickens Christopher D, Goh Juliana, Helleberg John, Horrey William J, Talleur Donald A
Institute of Aviation, Human Factors Division, University of Illinois, I Airport Rd., Savoy, IL 61874, USA.
Hum Factors. 2003 Fall;45(3):360-80. doi: 10.1518/hfes.45.3.360.27250.
In the first part of the reported research, 12 instrument-rated pilots flew a high-fidelity simulation, in which air traffic control presentation of auditory (voice) information regarding traffic and flight parameters was compared with advanced display technology presentation of equivalent information regarding traffic (cockpit display of traffic information) and flight parameters (data link display). Redundant combinations were also examined while pilots flew the aircraft simulation, monitored for outside traffic, and read back communications messages. The data suggested a modest cost for visual presentation over auditory presentation, a cost mediated by head-down visual scanning, and no benefit for redundant presentation. The effects in Part 1 were modeled by multiple-resource and preemption models of divided attention. In the second part of the research, visual scanning in all conditions was fit by an expected value model of selective attention derived from a previous experiment. This model accounted for 94% of the variance in the scanning data and 90% of the variance in a second validation experiment. Actual or potential applications of this research include guidance on choosing the appropriate modality for presenting in-cockpit information and understanding task strategies induced by introducing new aviation technology.
在报告的研究的第一部分中，12名持有仪表等级的飞行员进行了一次高保真模拟飞行，其中将空中交通管制关于交通和飞行参数的听觉（语音）信息呈现与关于交通（交通信息座舱显示）和飞行参数（数据链显示）的等效信息的先进显示技术呈现进行了比较。在飞行员进行飞机模拟飞行、监测外部交通并复述通信消息时，还对冗余组合进行了检查。数据表明，视觉呈现相对于听觉呈现存在适度成本，该成本由低头视觉扫描介导，且冗余呈现没有益处。研究第一部分的效果由多重资源和注意力分配的抢占模型进行了模拟。在研究的第二部分中，所有条件下的视觉扫描都由基于先前实验得出的选择性注意力期望值模型进行拟合。该模型解释了扫描数据中94%的方差以及第二个验证实验中90%的方差。这项研究的实际或潜在应用包括为选择合适的座舱信息呈现方式提供指导，以及理解引入新航空技术所引发的任务策略。
