Westerterp-Plantenga M S, Lejeune M P G M, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs E M R
Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802461.
A relatively high percentage of energy intake as protein has been shown to increase satiety and decrease energy efficiency during overfeeding.
To investigate whether addition of protein may improve weight maintenance by preventing or limiting weight regain after weight loss of 5-10% in moderately obese subjects.
In a randomized parallel design, 148 male and female subjects (age 44.2 +/- 10.1 y; body mass index (BMI) 29.5 +/- 2.5 kg/m2; body fat 37.2 +/- 5.0%) followed a very low-energy diet (2.1 MJ/day) during 4 weeks. For subsequent 3 months weight-maintenance assessment, they were stratified according to age, BMI, body weight, restrained eating, and resting energy expenditure (REE), and randomized over two groups. Both groups visited the University with the same frequency, receiving the same counseling on demand by the dietitian. One group (n=73) received 48.2 g/day additional protein to their diet. Measurements at baseline, after weight loss, and after 3 months weight maintenance were body weight, body composition, metabolic measurements, appetite profile, eating attitude, and relevant blood parameters.
Changes in body mass, waist circumference, REE, respiratory quotient (RQ), total energy expenditure (TEE), dietary restraint, fasting blood-glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, leptin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and free fatty acids were significant during weight loss and did not differ between groups. During weight maintenance, the 'additional-protein group' showed in comparison to the nonadditional-protein group 18 vs 15 en% protein intake, a 50% lower body weight regain only consisting of fat-free mass, a 50% decreased energy efficiency, increased satiety while energy intake did not differ, and a lower increase in triacylglycerol and in leptin; REE, RQ, TEE, and increases in other blood parameters measured did not differ.
A 20% higher protein intake, that is, 18% of energy vs 15% of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss, resulted in a 50% lower body weight regain, only consisting of fat-free mass, and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency.
研究表明，在过度喂养期间，较高比例的能量以蛋白质形式摄入可增加饱腹感并降低能量效率。
研究在中度肥胖受试者体重减轻5%-10%后，补充蛋白质是否可通过预防或限制体重反弹来改善体重维持情况。
采用随机平行设计，148名男性和女性受试者（年龄44.2±10.1岁；体重指数（BMI）29.5±2.5kg/m²；体脂37.2±5.0%）在4周内遵循极低能量饮食（2.1MJ/天）。在随后3个月的体重维持评估中，根据年龄、BMI、体重、饮食抑制和静息能量消耗（REE）对他们进行分层，并随机分为两组。两组以相同频率到大学就诊，根据营养师的要求接受相同的咨询。一组（n=73）在饮食中额外摄入每天48.2克蛋白质。在基线、体重减轻后以及体重维持3个月后测量体重、身体成分、代谢指标、食欲特征、饮食态度和相关血液参数。
体重减轻期间，体重、腰围、REE、呼吸商（RQ）、总能量消耗（TEE）、饮食抑制、空腹血糖、胰岛素、三酰甘油、瘦素、β-羟基丁酸、甘油和游离脂肪酸的变化显著，且两组间无差异。在体重维持期间，“额外蛋白质组”与非额外蛋白质组相比，蛋白质摄入量分别为18%和15%，仅由去脂体重组成的体重反弹降低了50%，能量效率降低了50%，饱腹感增加而能量摄入无差异，三酰甘油和瘦素的增加较低；REE、RQ、TEE以及所测量的其他血液参数的增加无差异。
蛋白质摄入量提高20%，即在体重减轻后的体重维持期间，能量占比从15%提高到18%，可使仅由去脂体重组成的体重反弹降低50%，这与饱腹感增加和能量效率降低有关。
