Hörman Ari, Rimhanen-Finne Ruska, Maunula Leena, von Bonsdorff Carl-Henrik, Torvela Niina, Heikinheimo Annamari, Hänninen Marja-Liisa
Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jan;70(1):87-95. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.1.87-95.2004.
A total of 139 surface water samples from seven lakes and 15 rivers in southwestern Finland were analyzed during five consecutive seasons from autumn 2000 to autumn 2001 for the presence of various enteropathogens (Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and noroviruses) and fecal indicators (thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and F-RNA bacteriophages) and for physicochemical parameters (turbidity and temperature); this was the first such systematic study. Altogether, 41.0% (57 of 139) of the samples were positive for at least one of the pathogens; 17.3% were positive for Campylobacter spp. (45.8% of the positive samples contained Campylobacter jejuni, 25.0% contained Campylobacter lari, 4.2% contained Campylobacter coli, and 25.0% contained Campylobacter isolates that were not identified), 13.7% were positive for Giardia spp., 10.1% were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., and 9.4% were positive for noroviruses (23.0% of the positive samples contained genogroup I and 77.0% contained genogroup II). The samples were positive for enteropathogens significantly (P < 0.05) less frequently during the winter season than during the other sampling seasons. No significant differences in the prevalence of enteropathogens were found when rivers and lakes were compared. The presence of thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, and C. perfringens had significant bivariate nonparametric Spearman's rank order correlation coefficients (P < 0.001) with samples that were positive for one or more of the pathogens analyzed. The absence of these indicators in a logistic regression model was found to have significant predictive value (odds ratios, 1.15 x 10(8), 7.57, and 2.74, respectively; P < 0.05) for a sample that was negative for the pathogens analyzed. There were no significant correlations between counts or count levels for thermotolerant coliforms or E. coli or the presence of F-RNA phages and pathogens in the samples analyzed.
2000年秋季至2001年秋季的连续五个季节里，对芬兰西南部七个湖泊和十五条河流中的139份地表水样本进行了分析，检测其中各种肠道病原体（弯曲杆菌属、贾第虫属、隐孢子虫属和诺如病毒）、粪便指示菌（耐热大肠菌群、大肠杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌和F-RNA噬菌体）的存在情况，并测定理化参数（浊度和温度）；这是首次此类系统性研究。总体而言，41.0%（139份样本中的57份）的样本至少对一种病原体呈阳性；17.3%对弯曲杆菌属呈阳性（阳性样本中45.8%含有空肠弯曲杆菌，25.0%含有海鸥弯曲杆菌，4.2%含有大肠弯曲杆菌，25.0%含有未鉴定的弯曲杆菌分离株），13.7%对贾第虫属呈阳性，10.1%对隐孢子虫属呈阳性，9.4%对诺如病毒呈阳性（阳性样本中23.0%含有基因群I，77.0%含有基因群II）。与其他采样季节相比，冬季样本中肠道病原体呈阳性的频率显著更低（P < 0.05）。比较河流和湖泊时，未发现肠道病原体流行率存在显著差异。耐热大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的存在与分析的一种或多种病原体呈阳性的样本具有显著的双变量非参数斯皮尔曼等级相关系数（P < 0.001）。在逻辑回归模型中，发现这些指示菌的缺失对于分析的病原体呈阴性的样本具有显著的预测价值（优势比分别为1.15×10⁸、7.57和2.74；P < 0.05）。在所分析的样本中，耐热大肠菌群或大肠杆菌的计数或计数水平以及F-RNA噬菌体的存在与病原体之间均无显著相关性。
