Whalen Carol K, Jamner Larry D, Henker Barbara, Delfino Ralph J, Lozano Jorie M
Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
Child Dev. 2002 Jan-Feb;73(1):209-27. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00401.
Using an experience sampling methodology, the everyday lives of 153 adolescents with low, middle, or high levels of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) characteristics as assessed by either parent or teen were examined. Twice each hour, across two 4-day recording intervals, participants in a longitudinal study of stress and health risks logged their behaviors, moods, and social contexts. Those with high, in contrast to low, ADHD symptom levels recorded more negative and fewer positive moods, lower alertness, more entertaining activities relative to achievement-oriented pursuits, more time with friends and less time with family, and more tobacco and alcohol use. Fewer associations emerged with parent-defined than with teen-defined subgroups, although the differences in alertness, peer and family contexts, entertainment versus achievement activities, and substance use were consistent across sources. Even at subclinical levels, ADHD characteristics were associated with behavioral patterns and contexts that may promote peer deviancy training, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, and vulnerability to nicotine dependence.
采用经验抽样法，对153名青少年的日常生活进行了研究，这些青少年的注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）特征水平由父母或青少年自评分为低、中、高三个等级。在一项关于压力和健康风险的纵向研究中，参与者每小时记录两次，在两个为期4天的记录间隔内，记录他们的行为、情绪和社交环境。与低ADHD症状水平的青少年相比，高ADHD症状水平的青少年记录到更多的负面情绪和更少的正面情绪、更低的警觉性、相对于以成就为导向的追求而言更多的娱乐活动、与朋友相处的时间更多而与家人相处的时间更少，以及更多地使用烟草和酒精。与青少年定义的亚组相比，父母定义的亚组出现的关联较少，尽管警觉性、同伴和家庭环境、娱乐与成就活动以及物质使用方面的差异在不同来源中是一致的。即使在亚临床水平，ADHD特征也与可能促进同伴偏差训练、不健康生活方式行为以及尼古丁依赖易感性的行为模式和环境有关。
