Montagnese Catherine M, Székely Andrea D, Adám Agota, Csillag András
Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
J Comp Neurol. 2004 Feb 9;469(3):437-56. doi: 10.1002/cne.11018.
Small iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were placed in different subregions of the septum of domestic chicks. The main targets of septal projections comprised the ipsi- and contralateral septal nuclei, including the nucleus of the diagonal band, basal ganglia, including the ventral paleostriatum, lobus parolfactorius, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle, archistriatum, piriform cortex, and anterior neostriatum. Further diencephalic and mesencephalic septal projections were observed in the ipsilateral preoptic region, hypothalamus (the main regions of afferentation comprising the lateral hypothalamic nuclei, ventromedial, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, and the mammillary region), dorsal thalamus, medial habenular and subhabenular nuclei, midbrain central gray, and ventral tegmental area. Contralateral projections were also encountered in the septal nuclei, ventral paleostriatum, periventricular and anteromedial hypothalamic nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area. Avian septal efferents are largely similar to those of mammals, the main differences being a relatively modest hippocampal projection arising mainly from the nucleus of the diagonal band (as confirmed by a specific experiment with the retrograde pathway tracer True blue), the lack of interpeduncular projection, and a greater contingent of amygdalar efferents arising from the lateral septum rather than the nucleus of the diagonal band. This pattern of connectivity is likely to reflect an important role of the avian septal nuclei in the coordination of limbic circuits and the integration of a wide variety of information sources modulating the appropriate behavioral responses: attention and arousal level, memory formation, hormonally mediated behaviors, and their affective components (such as ingestive, reproductive, and parental behaviors), social interaction, locomotor modulation, and circadian rhythm.
将顺行示踪剂菜豆白细胞凝集素进行微量离子电渗注射，注入家鸡隔膜的不同亚区域。隔膜投射的主要靶点包括同侧和对侧的隔膜核，其中包括斜角带核；基底神经节，包括腹侧旧纹状体、旁嗅叶、伏隔核和嗅结节；原纹状体、梨状皮质和前新纹状体。在同侧视前区、下丘脑（传入的主要区域包括外侧下丘脑核、腹内侧核、室旁核和室周核以及乳头体区域）、背侧丘脑、内侧缰核和缰下核、中脑中央灰质以及腹侧被盖区也观察到了更远的间脑和中脑隔膜投射。在隔膜核、腹侧旧纹状体、室周和下丘脑前内侧核、视交叉上核以及外侧下丘脑区域也发现了对侧投射。鸟类的隔膜传出纤维在很大程度上与哺乳动物的相似，主要区别在于相对适度的海马投射主要起源于斜角带核（通过逆行通路示踪剂真蓝的特定实验证实），缺乏脚间核投射，以及杏仁核传出纤维中更大一部分起源于外侧隔膜而非斜角带核。这种连接模式可能反映了鸟类隔膜核在边缘回路协调以及整合各种调节适当行为反应的信息源方面的重要作用：注意力和唤醒水平、记忆形成、激素介导的行为及其情感成分（如摄食、生殖和育幼行为）、社会互动、运动调节和昼夜节律。
