Parry Christopher M.
University Department of Medical Microbiology and Genitourinary Medicine, Duncan Building, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Daulby Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2004 Feb;6(1):27-33. doi: 10.1007/s11908-004-0021-6.
Typhoid fever is caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The completion of the genome sequence of two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates is leading to new insights into the biology of this pathogen. Approximately 16 million cases occur worldwide each year. The lack of culture facilities in endemic areas and the poor performance of the Widal test means the disease is frequently unconfirmed. Simple new serologic tests are being developed and show promise. Resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is widespread in Asia and some areas of Africa, although fully susceptible isolates have re-emerged in some countries. Fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin are effective alternatives. Low-level fluoroquinolone resistance (indicated by resistance to nalidixic acid) is now common in Asia and results in a suboptimal response to fluoroquinolones. Two vaccines are licensed and others are being developed, but neither licensed vaccine is used in endemic areas as a public health measure.
伤寒热由伤寒沙门氏菌感染引起。两种伤寒沙门氏菌分离株基因组序列的完成，为深入了解这种病原体的生物学特性带来了新的见解。全球每年约有1600万例病例。流行地区缺乏培养设施以及肥达氏试验效果不佳，意味着该病常常无法得到确诊。正在研发简单的新型血清学检测方法，且已显示出前景。在亚洲和非洲一些地区，对氯霉素、氨苄西林和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑的耐药性普遍存在，不过在一些国家，对这些药物完全敏感的分离株已再次出现。氟喹诺酮类、第三代头孢菌素和阿奇霉素是有效的替代药物。低水平氟喹诺酮耐药性（以对萘啶酸耐药为指标）目前在亚洲很常见，会导致对氟喹诺酮类药物的反应欠佳。有两种疫苗已获许可，其他疫苗也在研发中，但在流行地区，作为公共卫生措施，这两种已获许可的疫苗均未被使用。
