Bechara Antoine, Martin Eileen M
Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Neuropsychology. 2004 Jan;18(1):152-62. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.152.
This study examined whether individuals with substance dependence (ISDs) show impairments in working memory and whether there is a relationship between their impairments in decision making as measured by the gambling task (GT) paradigm and working memory as measured by a delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) task. Using the GT, 11% of healthy control participants and 61% of ISDs opted for choices with high immediate gains in spite of higher future losses. For the ISDs and controls with equal GT impairments, the ISDs performed significantly lower than controls on the DNMS task. The nonimpaired ISDs on the GT also performed significantly worse than matched controls on the DNMS task. The DNMS task deficit in ISDs was across all delay times, suggesting the deficit may lie in the "executive" process of working memory, which supports earlier findings (E. M. Martin et al., 2003). The authors suggest that the prefrontal cortex hosts multiple distinct mechanisms of decision making and inhibitory control and that ISDs may be affected in any one or combination of them.
本研究考察了物质依赖个体（ISDs）是否存在工作记忆损伤，以及通过赌博任务（GT）范式测量的他们在决策方面的损伤与通过延迟非匹配样本（DNMS）任务测量的工作记忆之间是否存在关联。使用GT时，11%的健康对照参与者和61%的ISDs尽管未来损失更大，但仍选择了具有高即时收益的选项。对于具有同等GT损伤的ISDs和对照组，ISDs在DNMS任务上的表现显著低于对照组。GT上未受损的ISDs在DNMS任务上的表现也显著差于匹配的对照组。ISDs在DNMS任务上的缺陷在所有延迟时间都存在，这表明该缺陷可能存在于支持早期研究结果（E.M. Martin等人，2003年）的工作记忆“执行”过程中。作者认为，前额叶皮层存在多种不同的决策和抑制控制机制，ISDs可能在其中任何一种或多种机制中受到影响。
