Stat Bull Metrop Insur Co. 1992 Oct-Dec;73(4):21-9.
Over the past 40 years, the American Cancer Society has led in large-scale, prospective studies of behavioral and environmental risk factors in association with cancer development. Through results of its 1952 study, cigarette smokers were found to have a 10-fold higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers. Cancer Prevention Study I (1959-1972) extended these results and also showed the relationship between age smoking began, depth of inhalation, smoking cessation, air pollution, body weight, etc., on all causes of death as well as specific cancer sites. Cancer Prevention Study II began in 1982 and after six years of follow-up has confirmed many earlier findings, and additionally has found: aspirin may be protective against colon cancer; persons reporting themselves to be heavy exercisers had higher standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for lung, colorectal, and pancreas cancer than moderate exercisers; more women who were long-term users of artificial sweeteners reported gaining weight during the past year than nonusers; diesel fume exposure elevated the risk of lung cancer among men ages 40-79; pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of multiple myeloma; and based on CPS II mortality rates, an estimated 250 million of the 1.25 billion persons living in developed countries will die because they smoke.
在过去40年里，美国癌症协会一直引领着针对与癌症发展相关的行为和环境风险因素的大规模前瞻性研究。通过其1952年的研究结果发现，吸烟者患肺癌的风险比不吸烟者高10倍。癌症预防研究I（1959 - 1972年）扩展了这些结果，还展示了开始吸烟的年龄、吸入深度、戒烟、空气污染、体重等因素与所有死因以及特定癌症部位之间的关系。癌症预防研究II始于1982年，经过六年的随访，证实了许多早期发现，此外还发现：阿司匹林可能对结肠癌有预防作用；自称大量运动的人患肺癌、结直肠癌和胰腺癌的标准化死亡率（SMR）高于适度运动者；与非使用者相比，更多长期使用人工甜味剂的女性报告在过去一年中体重增加；接触柴油烟雾会增加40 - 79岁男性患肺癌的风险；接触农药与患多发性骨髓瘤的风险增加有关；根据癌症预防研究II的死亡率，估计生活在发达国家的12.5亿人中，有2.5亿人将因吸烟而死亡。
