Keltner Dacher
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1000:222-43. doi: 10.1196/annals.1280.011.
In this paper I discuss how expressive behavior relates to personality and psychopathology, integrating recent findings from my laboratory and the insights of Charles Darwin on this topic. In the first part of the paper I challenge the view, in part espoused by Darwin, that humans are equipped to convey only a limited number of emotions with nonverbal behavior. Our lab has documented displays for several emotions, including embarrassment, love, desire, compassion, gratitude, and awe, to name just a few states that previously were thought not to possess a distinct display. I then present an argument for how individual differences in emotion, although fleeting, shape the social environment. This argument focuses on the functions of nonverbal display: to provide information to others, to evoke responses, and to serve as incentives of preceding or ensuing social behavior. This reasoning sets the stage for the study of the relationships between personality, psychopathology, and expressive behavior, to which I turn in the final part of the paper. Here I show that basic personality traits (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness) and psychological disorders (e.g., externalizing disorder in children, autism) have expressive signatures that shape social interactions and environments in profound ways that might perpetuate and transmit the trait or disorder.
在本文中，我将探讨表达行为与人格及精神病理学之间的关系，整合我实验室的最新研究成果以及查尔斯·达尔文在这一主题上的见解。在论文的第一部分，我对一种观点提出了质疑，这种观点部分得到了达尔文的支持，即人类只能通过非语言行为传达有限的几种情感。我们实验室已经记录了多种情感的表现，包括尴尬、爱、欲望、同情、感激和敬畏等，仅列举了一些以前被认为没有独特表现的状态。然后，我提出了一个观点，即情感上的个体差异尽管转瞬即逝，但如何塑造社会环境。这一观点聚焦于非语言展示的功能：向他人提供信息、引发反应以及作为先前或后续社会行为的诱因。这种推理为研究人格、精神病理学和表达行为之间的关系奠定了基础，我将在论文的最后一部分展开探讨。在这里，我表明基本人格特质（如外向性、宜人性）和心理障碍（如儿童的外化性障碍、自闭症）具有表达特征，这些特征以深刻的方式塑造社会互动和环境，可能使特质或障碍得以延续和传播。
