Arent Shawn M, Landers Daniel M
Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 2003 Dec;74(4):436-44. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609113.
Until recently, the traditional Inverted-U hypothesis had been the primary model used by sport psychologists to describe the arousal-performance relationship. However, many sport psychology researchers have challenged this relationship, and the current trend is a shift toward a more "multidimensional" view of arousal-anxiety and its effects on performance. In the current study, 104 college-age participants performed a simple response time task while riding a bicycle ergometer. Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight arousal groups (between 20 and 90% of heart rate reserve) and were told they were competing for a cash prize. Prior to the task, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS) were administered to assess the influence of cognitive and somatic anxiety. As hypothesized, regression analysis revealed a significant quadratic trend for arousal and reaction time. This accounted for 13.2% of the variance, F change (1, 101) = 15.10, p < .001, in performance beyond that accounted for by the nonsignificant linear trend. As predicted by the Inverted-U hypothesis, optimal performance on the simple task was seen at 60 and 70% of maximum arousal. Furthermore, for the simple task used in this study, only somatic anxiety as measured by the SAS accounted for significant variance in performance beyond that accounted for by arousal alone. These findings support predictions of the Inverted-U hypothesis and raise doubts about the utility theories that rely on differentiation of cognitive and somatic anxiety to predict performance on simple tasks that are not cognitively loaded.
直到最近，传统的倒U型假说一直是运动心理学家用来描述唤醒水平与运动表现关系的主要模型。然而，许多运动心理学研究者对这种关系提出了质疑，当前的趋势是转向对唤醒焦虑及其对运动表现影响的更“多维”的观点。在本研究中，104名大学生年龄的参与者在骑健身自行车时执行一项简单的反应时间任务。参与者被随机分配到八个唤醒水平组之一（心率储备的20%至90%），并被告知他们正在为现金奖励而竞争。在任务之前，使用竞争状态焦虑量表-2和运动焦虑量表（SAS）来评估认知焦虑和躯体焦虑的影响。正如所假设的，回归分析显示唤醒水平和反应时间存在显著的二次趋势。这解释了表现中13.2%的方差，F变化（1, 101） = 15.10，p <.001，超出了由不显著的线性趋势所解释的表现方差。正如倒U型假说所预测的，在最大唤醒水平的60%和70%时，在简单任务上观察到了最佳表现。此外，对于本研究中使用的简单任务，只有通过SAS测量的躯体焦虑解释了超出仅由唤醒水平所解释的表现中的显著方差。这些发现支持了倒U型假说的预测，并对那些依赖认知焦虑和躯体焦虑的区分来预测在没有认知负荷的简单任务上的表现的效用理论提出了质疑。
