Bittel J
Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees, Unité de Thermophysiologie et de Bioénergétique et Environnement, La Tronche, France.
Int J Sports Med. 1992 Oct;13 Suppl 1:S172-6. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024630.
Different types of general cold adaptation have been described over the last 50 years. Metabolic adaptation (Alacaluf Indians, Arctic Indians Eskimos), insulative adaptation (coastal Aborigines of tropical northern Australia), hypothermic adaptation (bushmen of the Kalahari desert, Peruvian Indians) and insulative hypothermic adaptation (Central Australian Aborigines, nomadic Lapps, Korean and Japanese diving women). These different types of cold adaptation are related to the intensity of the cold stress and to individual factors such as diet, the level of physical fitness and body fat content. Thus, in natural environments, man develops a strategy of adaptation to cold, which takes into account environmental and individual factors. This strategy is susceptible to be modified when these conditions change. Caloric intake deficit could have been responsible for the hypothermic adaptation observed after J.-L. Etienne's journey to the North Pole. Physiological responses were adapted to maintain an acceptable level of energetic reserves with a moderate hypothermia, which was not life threatening for the climatic conditions encountered by the polar explorer.
在过去50年里，人们描述了不同类型的一般寒冷适应情况。代谢适应（阿拉卡卢夫印第安人、北极印第安人、爱斯基摩人）、隔热适应（澳大利亚北部热带地区的沿海原住民）、低温适应（卡拉哈里沙漠的布须曼人、秘鲁印第安人）以及隔热低温适应（澳大利亚中部原住民、游牧的拉普人、韩国和日本的潜水女性）。这些不同类型的寒冷适应与寒冷应激的强度以及饮食、身体素质水平和体脂含量等个体因素有关。因此，在自然环境中，人类会制定一种适应寒冷的策略，该策略会考虑环境和个体因素。当这些条件发生变化时，这种策略很容易被改变。热量摄入不足可能是导致J.-L. 艾蒂安北极之旅后出现低温适应的原因。生理反应进行了调整，以通过适度低温维持可接受水平的能量储备，这对极地探险家所遇到的气候条件来说并不危及生命。
