Marzke M W, Wullstein K L, Viegas S F
Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1992 Nov;89(3):283-98. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330890303.
The "squeeze" form of power grip is investigated for the purposes of clarifying the hand posture and activities associated with the grip, assessing the potential in chimpanzees for using the grip, and identifying morphological correlates of an effective power grip that may be recognized in fossil hominid species. Our approaches include: (1) the analysis of the human grip, focusing on both the hand posture involved and hand movements associated with use of the grip in hammering; (2) the analysis of similar chimpanzee grips and associated movements; (3) comparative functional analysis of regions in the hand exploited and stressed by the grip and its associated movements in humans; and (4) a review of the literature on the power grip and its morphological correlates. Results of the study indicate that humans use a squeeze form of power grip effectively to wield cylindrical tools forcefully as extensions of the forearm. Several morphological features occur in high frequency among humans which facilitate the grip and are consistent with the large internal and external forces associated with it in hammering and in other tool-using activities. Chimpanzee hand postures resembling this form of human power grip are not fully comparable and lack some of these morphological correlates that facilitate its use. The hand of Australopithecus afarensis does not appear to have been stressed by use of the grip, but there is some evidence for this type of stress in the metacarpals from Sterkfontein Member 4. Hands from Olduvai and Swartkrans do not provide sufficient evidence for assessment of power grip capabilities.
为了阐明与握力相关的手部姿势和活动、评估黑猩猩使用这种握力的潜力以及识别在已灭绝的原始人类物种中可能存在的有效强力握力的形态学关联，对“挤压”形式的强力握力进行了研究。我们的研究方法包括：（1）对人类握力进行分析，重点关注握力时涉及的手部姿势以及与锤击时使用握力相关的手部动作；（2）对类似的黑猩猩握力及其相关动作进行分析；（3）对人类中因握力及其相关动作而受到利用和压力的手部区域进行比较功能分析；（4）对有关强力握力及其形态学关联的文献进行综述。研究结果表明，人类有效地使用挤压形式的强力握力，将圆柱形工具作为前臂的延伸来有力地挥舞。在人类中，有几种形态特征出现的频率较高，这些特征有助于握力，并且与锤击和其他使用工具活动中与之相关的巨大内外力相一致。黑猩猩类似于这种人类强力握力形式的手部姿势并不完全可比，并且缺乏一些有助于其使用的形态学关联。阿法南方古猿的手似乎未因使用这种握力而受到压力，但在斯泰克方丹4号成员的掌骨中存在一些这种压力的证据。来自奥杜威和斯瓦特克朗斯的手没有提供足够的证据来评估强力握力能力。
