Büttner J
Institut für Klinische Chemie I, Zentrum Laboratoriumsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1992 Oct;30(10):585-93. doi: 10.1515/cclm.1992.30.10.585.
Clinical laboratories are a main attribute of clinical chemistry. Their historical development is therefore of great interest in the history of clinical chemistry. The results of a study are given which was undertaken to trace the establishment of clinical laboratories in central Europe, mainly in France, England and in the German-speaking countries. Presuppositions for the creation of these laboratories were: (i) The idea that the results of laboratory examinations can be used as "chemical signs" in medical diagnosis, and (ii) a new concept of disease which was the result of the "birth of the clinic" at the end of the 18th century. The study shows that the development of clinical laboratories began 200 years ago. Up to the end of the 19th century, three development phases can be distinguished: an early phase from 1790 to 1840, a phase of institutionalization from 1840 to 1855, and a phase of extension between 1855 and 1890. To characterize these three phases, the foundation of the laboratories, the layout of the laboratory rooms, their equipment and instrumentation, and the usual staff are described with the aid of typical examples.
临床实验室是临床化学的主要组成部分。因此，其历史发展在临床化学史上备受关注。本文给出了一项研究结果，该研究旨在追溯中欧，主要是法国、英国和德语国家临床实验室的建立情况。建立这些实验室的前提条件是：（i）实验室检查结果可作为医学诊断中的“化学指标”这一理念；（ii）一种新的疾病概念，它是18世纪末“临床学诞生”的产物。研究表明，临床实验室的发展始于200年前。到19世纪末，可以区分出三个发展阶段：1790年至1840年的早期阶段、1840年至1855年的制度化阶段以及1855年至1890年的扩展阶段。为了描述这三个阶段，借助典型实例介绍了实验室的创建、实验室房间布局、设备仪器以及通常配备的人员情况。
