Fooks A R, Brookes S M, Johnson N, McElhinney L M, Hutson A M
Rabies Research and Diagnostic Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Epidemiol Infect. 2003 Dec;131(3):1029-39. doi: 10.1017/s0950268803001481.
In Europe, two bat lyssaviruses referred to as European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) types 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 and 6 respectively) which are closely related to classical rabies virus are responsible for an emerging zoonosis. EBLVs are host restricted to bats, and have been known to infect not only their primary hosts but also in rare circumstances, induce spillover infections to terrestrial mammals including domestic livestock, wildlife and man. Although spillover infections have occurred, there has been no evidence that the virus adapted to a new host. Since 1977, four human deaths from EBLVs have been reported. None of them had a record of prophylactic rabies immunization. Only fragmentary data exist about the effectiveness of current vaccines in cross-protection against EBLVs. It is clear that EBLV in bats cannot be eliminated using conventional strategies similar to the control programmes based on vaccine baits used for fox rabies in Europe during the 1980s. Due to the protected status of bats in Europe, our knowledge of EBLV prevalence and epidemiology is limited. It is possible that EBLV is under-reported and that the recorded cases of EBLV represent only a small proportion of the actual number of infected bats. For this reason, any interaction between man and bats in Europe must be considered as a possible exposure. Human exposure through biting incidents, especially unprovoked attacks, should be treated immediately with rabies post-exposure treatment and the bat, where possible, retained for laboratory analysis. Preventative measures include educating all bat handlers of the risks posed by rabies-infected animals and advising them to be immunized. This review provides a brief history of EBLVs, their distribution in host species and the public health risks.
在欧洲，两种被称为欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒1型和2型（分别为基因型5和6）的蝙蝠狂犬病病毒与经典狂犬病病毒密切相关，它们引发了一种新出现的人畜共患病。欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒宿主仅限于蝙蝠，已知不仅会感染其主要宿主，而且在罕见情况下还会导致向包括家畜、野生动物和人类在内的陆生哺乳动物的溢出感染。尽管已经发生了溢出感染，但尚无证据表明该病毒已适应新宿主。自1977年以来，已有4例人类因欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒死亡的报告。他们均无预防性狂犬病免疫记录。关于现有疫苗在交叉保护抵御欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒方面的有效性，仅有零碎的数据。显然，无法使用类似于20世纪80年代欧洲用于狐狸狂犬病的基于疫苗诱饵的控制计划的常规策略来消除蝙蝠体内的欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒。由于欧洲蝙蝠受到保护，我们对欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒流行情况和流行病学的了解有限。欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒可能报告不足，记录的病例可能仅占实际感染蝙蝠数量的一小部分。因此，在欧洲，人与蝙蝠的任何接触都必须被视为可能的暴露。通过咬人事件（尤其是无端攻击）导致的人类暴露，应立即采用狂犬病暴露后治疗，并且尽可能保留蝙蝠用于实验室分析。预防措施包括对所有处理蝙蝠的人员进行狂犬病感染动物所构成风险的教育，并建议他们接种疫苗。本综述简要介绍了欧洲蝙蝠狂犬病病毒的历史、它们在宿主物种中的分布以及公共卫生风险。
