Joubert C E
Psychol Rep. 1992 Jun;70(3 Pt 2):1111-5. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3c.1111.
49 men and 120 women responded to the Narcissism Personality Inventory, the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale, and a questionnaire regarding parental practices. Men reported that their fathers used spanking more heavily than did women, while women reported more than did men that their mothers provided encouragement toward independence. As compared to mothers on these reports, fathers were less likely to be described as "fair," to use praise, money as rewards, or "grounding," and to have interest in their children's activities, but more likely to be described as "strict." Men (but not women) reported that their fathers had been more likely to administer spankings than were their mothers. Persons who were more narcissistic tended to score higher in reactance and had fathers who used monetary rewards more and encouraged independence to a greater extent. These results are contrary to those expected from Kernberg's and Kohut's views linking narcissism to less nurturance by parents. Higher psychological reactance scores correlated with less praise, more scolding, and more verbal abuse from both parents. Psychological reactance scores also correlated with more spanking by fathers and with their being described as being less fair. These results suggest that punitive disciplinary styles are not related to narcissism but are to psychological reactance.
49名男性和120名女性对自恋人格量表、洪氏心理抗拒量表以及一份关于父母养育方式的问卷做出了回应。男性报告称，他们的父亲比女性的父亲更频繁地使用打屁股的方式，而女性报告称，她们的母亲比男性的母亲更多地鼓励孩子独立。与母亲相比，父亲在这些报告中被描述为“公平”、使用表扬、金钱作为奖励或“禁足”以及对孩子的活动感兴趣的可能性较小，但更有可能被描述为“严厉”。男性（而非女性）报告称，他们的父亲比母亲更有可能实施打屁股的惩罚。自恋程度较高的人在心理抗拒方面得分往往更高，并且他们的父亲更多地使用金钱奖励，在更大程度上鼓励孩子独立。这些结果与克恩伯格和科胡特将自恋与父母较少养育联系起来的观点所预期的结果相反。较高的心理抗拒得分与父母较少的表扬、更多的责骂和更多的言语虐待相关。心理抗拒得分还与父亲更多地打屁股以及被描述为不太公平相关。这些结果表明，惩罚性的管教方式与自恋无关，而是与心理抗拒有关。
