Georgopoulos Maria-Alexandra, Georgopoulos Apostolos P, Kurz Nicole, Landau Barbara
Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Exp Brain Res. 2004 Jul;157(2):137-46. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-1834-0. Epub 2004 Feb 17.
We evaluated the copying abilities of ten subjects with Williams syndrome (WS; age 6-14 years) and ten normally developing children (age 3-6 years) matched for mental age using the matrices component of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (mKBIT). Each subject copied six figures, including line drawings of closed and open geometrical shapes (alone and in combination), crossed lines, and geometrical shapes made of distinct small, filled circles. Qualitatively, subjects of both groups made comparable copies, although several subjects with WS drew a continuous line when copying figures composed of distinct circles. Quantitatively, the goodness of the copies was assessed by three human observers who rated on an analog scale the similarity of each copy to its visual template. Ratings were converted to a scale from zero (completely different) to 100 (the same) for statistical analyses. We found the following. First, the overall goodness of copies of the templates was very similar between the WS and control groups (WS: mean=46.7, range=0.89-95.4; control: mean=54.5, range=0.89-98.2). Second, there were systematic differences in the goodness of copies between the two groups, depending on the features of the figures. Specifically, the goodness of copies of control subjects was almost the same as that of WS subjects for simple line figures, but was consistently better for composite line figures, and even better for figures in which the shape was made of small, filled circles. Third, there was a significant relation between the goodness of copies (dependent variable) and mental age (mKBIT, independent variable) in both groups, although it was stronger and more highly statistically significant in the control than the WS group. These findings indicate that the principles guiding copying are similar in the two groups and suggest that WS is a case of developmental rather than deviance disorder.
我们使用考夫曼简短智力测验的矩阵部分（mKBIT），评估了10名威廉姆斯综合征（WS；年龄6至14岁）患者和10名智力年龄匹配的正常发育儿童（年龄3至6岁）的临摹能力。每名受试者临摹六个图形，包括封闭和开放几何形状的线条图（单独及组合形式）、交叉线，以及由不同的小实心圆组成的几何形状。从质量上看，两组受试者的临摹效果相当，不过，有几名WS患者在临摹由不同圆圈组成的图形时绘制了连续线条。从数量上看，临摹的优劣由三名人类观察者进行评估，他们以模拟量表对每个临摹作品与其视觉模板的相似度进行评分。为了进行统计分析，评分被转换为从0（完全不同）到100（完全相同）的量表。我们发现了以下情况。首先，WS组和对照组临摹模板的总体优劣非常相似（WS组：均值 = 46.7，范围 = 0.89至95.4；对照组：均值 = 54.5，范围 = 0.89至98.2）。其次，两组之间临摹优劣存在系统性差异，这取决于图形的特征。具体而言，对于简单线条图形，对照组受试者的临摹优劣与WS组受试者几乎相同，但对于复合线条图形，对照组始终表现更好，对于由小实心圆组成形状的图形，表现则更佳。第三，两组中临摹优劣（因变量）与智力年龄（mKBIT，自变量）之间均存在显著关系，不过，在对照组中这种关系更强，且在统计学上的显著性高于WS组。这些发现表明，指导临摹的原则在两组中相似，并表明WS是一种发育障碍而非偏差障碍。
