Bowling A T, Zimmermann W, Ryder O, Penado C, Peto S, Chemnick L, Yasinetskaya N, Zharkikh T
Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Cytogenet Genome Res. 2003;102(1-4):226-34. doi: 10.1159/000075754.
In our continuing efforts to document genetic diversity in Przewalski's horses and relatedness with domestic horses, we report genetic variation at 22 loci of blood group and protein polymorphisms and 29 loci of DNA (microsatellite) polymorphisms. The loci have been assigned by linkage or synteny mapping to 20 autosomes and the X chromosome of the domestic horse (plus four loci unassigned to a chromosome). With cumulative data from tests of 568 Przewalski's horses using blood, hair or tooth samples, no species-defining markers were identified, however a few markers were present in the wild species but not in domestic horses. Inheritance patterns and linkage relationships reported in domestic horses appeared to be conserved in Przewalski's horses. A derived type for the last wild caught mare 231 Orlitza III provided evidence for markers apparently not found in (or not currently available by descent from) the other species founders that were captured at the end of the nineteenth century. This information has been critical to the development of parentage analyses in the studbook population of Przewalski's horses at Askania Nova, at one time the largest herd of captive animals and the source of stock for reintroduction efforts. Some horses in the study showed genetic incompatibilities with their sire or dam, contradicting published studbook information. In many cases alternative parentage could be assigned from living animals. To assist in identification of correct parentage, DNA marker types for deceased horses were established from archived materials (teeth) or derived from offspring. Genetic markers were present in pedigreed animals whose origin could not be accounted for from founders. Genetic distance analysis of erythrocyte protein, electrophoretic and microsatellite markers in Przewlaski's horses and ten breeds of domestic horse place the Przewalski's horse as an outgroup to domestic horses, introgression events from domestic horses not withstanding.
在我们持续记录普氏野马的遗传多样性以及其与家马亲缘关系的工作中，我们报告了22个血型和蛋白质多态性位点以及29个DNA（微卫星）多态性位点的遗传变异情况。这些位点已通过连锁或同线映射定位到家马的20条常染色体和X染色体上（另有4个位点未定位到染色体）。通过对568份普氏野马的血液、毛发或牙齿样本进行检测，累积数据显示，未发现物种界定标记，但有一些标记存在于野生物种中，而家马中没有。家马中报道的遗传模式和连锁关系在普氏野马中似乎是保守的。最后一匹野外捕获的母马231号奥莉察三世的衍生类型，为一些标记提供了证据，这些标记显然在19世纪末捕获的其他物种奠基者中未被发现（或目前无法通过遗传获得）。这些信息对于在阿斯卡尼亚诺瓦的普氏野马种马登记簿种群中进行亲子关系分析至关重要，阿斯卡尼亚诺瓦曾一度拥有最大的圈养动物群，也是重新引入工作的种源地。研究中的一些马匹与其父本或母本显示出遗传不相容性，这与已发表的种马登记簿信息相矛盾。在许多情况下，可以从现存动物中确定其替代亲子关系。为了协助确定正确的亲子关系，从存档材料（牙齿）或后代中确定了已故马匹的DNA标记类型。在谱系动物中存在遗传标记，但其起源无法从奠基者中得到解释。对普氏野马和十个家马品种的红细胞蛋白质、电泳和微卫星标记进行遗传距离分析，结果表明，尽管存在家马的基因渗入事件，但普氏野马仍是家马的外类群。
