Drageset Jorunn
Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Haukelandsbakken, Bergen, Norway.
Scand J Caring Sci. 2004 Mar;18(1):65-71. doi: 10.1111/j.0283-9318.2003.00251.x.
The aim of this study was to examine associations between functional ability to perform basic activities of daily living (ADL) functions (feeding, continence, going to the toilet, transferring from bed to chair, dressing and bathing), social contacts with family and friends/neighbours and emotional and social loneliness. A quantitative research approach, using a survey design, was performed. The sample comprised 113 subjects aged 65-101 years, living in nursing homes. Data were gathered through structured interviews by using the following measures: the modified Katz Index of ADL, the Revised Social Provisions Scale (SPS), and Family and Friendship Contacts Scale. Descriptive statistics, factor analyses, multiple correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses were used. Data showed a statistically significant relationship between dependence on the environment in carrying out ADL and low level of social loneliness. Likewise, high frequencies of social contact with sons, daughters and grandchildren had a statistically significant effect on low level of social loneliness. A confirmatory factor analysis (varimax rotation, eigenvalue 1.0) was employed to explore the two predefined dimensions (attachment and social integration) of the SPS. The results confirmed, to a very high degree, the two dimensions of the Weiss Model. Reliability (internal consistency), measured by Cronbach alpha, was 0.85 and 0.92, for attachment and social integration respectively. Based on this analysis, dependence in ADL function is important for a low level of social loneliness. From the present study it is concluded that ADL (feeding, continence, going to the toilet, transferring from bed to chair, dressing and bathing) and contact with a social network have a statistical effect on a low level of social loneliness. Hence, such associations may be of significance in nursing intervention and may influence the well-being of residents in nursing homes in different stages of life.
本研究的目的是考察日常生活基本活动（ADL）功能（进食、大小便控制、如厕、从床到椅子的转移、穿衣和洗澡）的功能能力、与家人及朋友/邻居的社交接触与情感孤独和社交孤独之间的关联。采用了定量研究方法，运用调查设计。样本包括113名年龄在65至101岁之间、居住在养老院的受试者。通过结构化访谈，使用以下测量工具收集数据：改良的ADL Katz指数、修订的社会支持量表（SPS）以及家庭和友谊接触量表。使用了描述性统计、因子分析、多重相关分析和多元回归分析。数据显示，在进行ADL时对环境的依赖与低水平的社交孤独之间存在统计学上的显著关系。同样，与儿子、女儿和孙辈的高频率社交接触对低水平的社交孤独有统计学上的显著影响。采用验证性因子分析（方差最大化旋转，特征值1.0）来探索SPS的两个预定义维度（依恋和社会整合）。结果在很大程度上证实了Weiss模型的两个维度。通过Cronbach alpha测量的信度（内部一致性），依恋和社会整合分别为0.85和0.92。基于此分析，ADL功能的依赖对于低水平的社交孤独很重要。从本研究可以得出结论，ADL（进食、大小便控制、如厕、从床到椅子的转移、穿衣和洗澡）以及与社交网络的接触对低水平的社交孤独有统计学影响。因此，这种关联在护理干预中可能具有重要意义，并可能影响养老院不同生活阶段居民的幸福感。
