Dynamics of novel feet of Dictyostelium cells during migration.

We observed the dynamics of actin foci in live Dictyostelium cells expressing GFP-actin. Actin foci were dynamic structures, but they were fixed on the substratum during cell migration. Interference reflection microscopy revealed that the ventral cell membrane was closer to the substratum at sites of actin foci. Furthermore, some actin foci were incorporated into the retraction fibers, ripped off from the cells and eventually shed on the substratum after the cells moved away. The velocity of the cells was inversely proportional to the number of actin foci. Measurement of traction force using a silicone substratum demonstrated that the traction force was transmitted to the substratum through actin foci. Taken together, several lines of evidence strongly suggest that actin foci function as the active 'feet' of Dictyostelium cells. We also found evidence suggesting that changing step is regulated in a coordinated manner during cell migration. Possible mechanisms by which these cells migrate across substrata are discussed in this context.