Kalinowski Martin B, Sartorius Hartmut, Uhl Stefan, Weiss Wolfgang
IANUS, University of Technology Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
J Environ Radioact. 2004;73(2):203-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.09.002.
For wide-area atmospheric monitoring, krypton-85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations. The detection and false alarm rates were determined from weekly samples at five different distances from the Karlsruhe reprocessing plant between 1985 and 1988. The detection rate for the separation of 4 kg of plutonium per week was found to be as high as 80-90% at a distance of less than 1 km, 70% at 5 km, 40% at 39 km, and 15% at 130 km. At distances up to 40 km, the false alarm rate is less than 3.5%. On average, the fuel released 28 TBq krypton-85 per kg plutonium. For weapons-grade plutonium, the krypton signal would be lower by a factor of 2. Hence, the given percentages correspond to the detection probabilities for the separation of a significant quantity (8 kg) of plutonium per weekly sample under the specific meteorological conditions of the WAK. The minimum separation rates that could have been detected are 2 gram of weapons-grade plutonium per week at a distance of less than 1 km, 40 g/week at 5 km, 200 g/week at 39 km, and 1000 g/week at 130 km.
对于广域大气监测而言，氪 - 85是秘密钚分离的最佳指示物。1985年至1988年期间，在距离卡尔斯鲁厄后处理厂五个不同距离处采集的每周样本，测定了其探测率和误报率。发现每周分离4千克钚时，在距离小于1千米处探测率高达80 - 90%，在5千米处为70%，在39千米处为40%，在130千米处为15%。在距离达40千米时，误报率小于3.5%。平均而言，每千克钚释放28太贝克勒尔的氪 - 85。对于武器级钚，氪信号会低至二分之一。因此，给定的百分比对应于在卡尔斯鲁厄后处理厂特定气象条件下，每周样本中分离出大量（8千克）钚的探测概率。在小于1千米的距离处，能够探测到的最小分离率是每周2克武器级钚，在5千米处是40克/周，在39千米处是200克/周，在130千米处是1000克/周。
