Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Centre for Science and Peace Research, University of Hamburg, Beim Schlump 83, D-20144 Hamburg, Germany.
J Environ Radioact. 2013 Jan;115:34-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.07.006. Epub 2012 Aug 2.
Krypton-85 is mainly produced in nuclear reactors by fission of uranium and plutonium and released during chopping and dissolution of spent fuel rods in nuclear reprocessing facilities. As noble gas it is suited as a passive tracer for evaluation of atmospheric transport models. Furthermore, research is ongoing to assess its quality as an indicator for clandestine reprocessing activities. This paper continues previous efforts to compile a comprehensive historic emission inventory for krypton-85. Reprocessing facilities are the by far largest emitters of krypton-85. Information on sources and calculations used to derive the annual krypton-85 emission is provided for all known reprocessing facilities in the world. In addition, the emission characteristics of two plants, Tokai (Japan) and La Hague (France), are analysed in detail using emission data with high temporal resolution. Other types of krypton-85 sources are power reactors, naval reactors and isotope production facilities. These sources contribute only little or negligible amounts of krypton-85 compared to the large reprocessing facilities. Taking the decay of krypton-85 into account, the global atmospheric inventory is estimated to about 5500 PBq at the end of 2009. The correctness if the inventory has been proven by meteorological simulations and its error is assumed to be in the range of a few percent.
氪-85 主要通过铀和钚的裂变在核反应堆中产生，并在核后处理设施中切割和溶解乏燃料棒时释放。作为稀有气体，它适合作为评估大气传输模型的被动示踪剂。此外，正在进行研究以评估其作为秘密后处理活动指示物的质量。本文继续前一篇文章，旨在编制氪-85 的全面历史排放清单。后处理设施是迄今为止氪-85 的最大排放源。为世界上所有已知的后处理设施提供了有关来源和计算方法的信息，以得出每年的氪-85 排放量。此外，使用具有高时间分辨率的排放数据详细分析了两个工厂（日本的东海和法国的拉阿格）的排放特征。其他类型的氪-85 来源是动力反应堆、海军反应堆和同位素生产设施。与大型后处理设施相比，这些来源的氪-85 排放量很少或可以忽略不计。考虑到氪-85 的衰减，到 2009 年底，全球大气库存估计约为 5500 PBq。库存的正确性已通过气象模拟得到证明，其误差假定在百分之几的范围内。
