Jensen R G, Ferris A M, Lammi-Keefe C J
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4017.
Annu Rev Nutr. 1992;12:417-41. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.002221.
About 50 metabolically important fatty acids can be identified in human milk. The extent of absorption of milk fatty acids varies considerably from infant to infant, particularly in pre-term infants, and requires more study. Human milk provides sufficient vitamins A and E for the term infant, but supplementation with vitamins D and K may be necessary. More research is needed on the amounts of the fat-soluble vitamins in human milk, the efficiency of transfer from mother to infant, the reasons for variation in different women, and the consequences to breast-fed infants of inadequate intake of vitamins D and K. Breast milk contains the PUFA needed by term infants who are able to synthesize the long-chain PUFA soon after birth. Pre-term infants fed formulae need supplementation with n3 and n6 long-chain PUFA, since formulas currently do not contain these acids. More work is needed to determine the requirements for n3 and n6 fatty acids, expressed as weights per kilogram. A larger data base using improved analytical procedures to study the nature and content of lipids in human milk is needed. The impact of maternal genetics and diet on fatty acids in milk should be studied, as well as the effect of maternal diet on eicosanoids secreted by the mammary gland. Information on the structure and function of the milk fat globule and its membrane is needed. Little is known about the effect of milk banking on milk lipids. The reader of this review will no doubt find other gaps in our knowledge of the lipid composition and nutritional value of milk that require additional investigation.
人乳中可鉴定出约50种对新陈代谢重要的脂肪酸。不同婴儿对乳脂肪酸的吸收程度差异很大，尤其是早产儿，这需要更多研究。人乳为足月儿提供了足够的维生素A和E，但可能需要补充维生素D和K。关于人乳中脂溶性维生素的含量、从母亲到婴儿的转移效率、不同女性之间差异的原因以及母乳喂养婴儿维生素D和K摄入不足的后果，还需要更多研究。母乳含有足月儿所需的多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），这些婴儿出生后不久就能合成长链PUFA。用配方奶喂养的早产儿需要补充n3和n6长链PUFA，因为目前的配方奶不含这些脂肪酸。需要开展更多工作来确定以每千克体重表示的n3和n6脂肪酸需求量。需要一个更大的数据库，采用改进的分析程序来研究人乳中脂质的性质和含量。应研究母体遗传和饮食对乳中脂肪酸的影响，以及母体饮食对乳腺分泌的类二十烷酸的影响。需要了解乳脂肪球及其膜的结构和功能信息。关于母乳储存对乳脂质的影响知之甚少。本综述的读者无疑会发现我们在乳脂质组成和营养价值知识方面的其他空白，这些空白需要进一步研究。
