Jobling S, Casey D, Rogers-Gray T, Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Pawlowski S, Baunbeck T, Turner A P, Tyler C R
Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
Aquat Toxicol. 2004 Feb 10;66(2):207-22. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.01.002.
It is now well established that there is a diverse array of chemical discharged into the environment that can mimic or antagonise the action of hormones. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can thus interact with physiological systems and cause alterations in development, growth and reproduction in wildlife that are exposed to them. As yet, however, there is little information on the relative sensitivities of different wild life groups to these chemicals and/or mixtures of them (e.g. estrogenic effluents) and hence, there are fundamental shortfalls in our knowledge of the ecological chemicals (17alpha-ethinylestradiol; EE2, bisphenol-A, and 4-tert octylphenol) and a mixture containing these chemicals (treated sewage effluent) on embryo production in the prosobranch mollusc, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, were studied and compared with the effects of EE2 and the same estrogenic effluent on vitellogenin induction and/or egg production in various species of freshwater fish (fathead minnow; Pimaphales promelas, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); Cyprinus carpio, carp; Cyprinus carpio). The lab-based studies demonstrated that all of the tested chemicals (known to be estrogenic and to cause reproductive effects in fish) also affected embryo production in P. antipodarum. Furthermore, exposure to EE2 induced similar reproductive responses in the snails as in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), stimulating egg/embryo production at low doses (up to 1 ng/l in the minnow and 25 ng/l in the snail) and causing inhibitory effects at higher doses. A similar pattern of embryo production occurred in P. antipodarum when it was exposed to a graded concentration of treated sewage effluent containing mixtures of estrogenic EDCs and hence, the total number of new embryos produced by the snails increased steadily over the 9 week exposure period in treated snails. Plasma vitellogenin concentrations in two species of male fish (the rainbow trout and the carp) also increased over the same time period. These data indicate that both the nature of the response and the relative sensitivities to environmental estrogens in P. antipodarum and three different fish species fish are comparable. P. andtipodarum is thus, potentially a sensitive test organism for assessing estrogenicity of chemicals with a relevance to their activity in vertebrates.
现已充分证实，有各种各样的化学物质排放到环境中，它们能够模拟或拮抗激素的作用。这些内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）因此能够与生理系统相互作用，并导致接触到它们的野生动物在发育、生长和繁殖方面发生改变。然而，目前关于不同野生动物群体对这些化学物质和/或其混合物（如雌激素性废水）的相对敏感性的信息很少，因此，我们对生态化学物质（17α-乙炔雌二醇；EE2、双酚A和4-叔辛基苯酚）以及含有这些化学物质的混合物（处理后的污水）对前鳃类软体动物新西兰泥蜗胚胎产生的影响的了解存在根本性不足。本研究对新西兰泥蜗胚胎产生的影响进行了研究，并与EE2以及相同雌激素性废水对各种淡水鱼（黑头呆鱼；肥头鲦鱼、虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）；鲤鱼、鲤鱼）卵黄蛋白原诱导和/或产卵的影响进行了比较。基于实验室的研究表明，所有测试的化学物质（已知具有雌激素性并会对鱼类产生生殖影响）也会影响新西兰泥蜗的胚胎产生。此外，接触EE2在蜗牛中诱导的生殖反应与在黑头呆鱼（Pimephales promelas）中相似，在低剂量（黑头呆鱼中高达1 ng/l，蜗牛中高达25 ng/l）时刺激卵/胚胎产生，在高剂量时产生抑制作用。当新西兰泥蜗暴露于含有雌激素性EDCs混合物的分级浓度的处理后污水中时，也出现了类似的胚胎产生模式，因此，在9周的暴露期内，处理后的蜗牛产生的新胚胎总数稳步增加。两种雄鱼（虹鳟和鲤鱼）的血浆卵黄蛋白原浓度在同一时期也有所增加。这些数据表明，新西兰泥蜗和三种不同鱼类对环境雌激素的反应性质和相对敏感性具有可比性。因此，新西兰泥蜗可能是一种敏感的测试生物，用于评估与脊椎动物活性相关的化学物质的雌激素性。
