Singh Manmohan, Srivastava Indresh
Chiron Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
Curr HIV Res. 2003 Jul;1(3):309-20. doi: 10.2174/1570162033485195.
A HIV Vaccine, particularly that based on recombinant proteins and plasmid DNA, is likely to be less reactogenic than traditional vaccines, but also less immunogenic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new and improved adjuvants and delivery system for combination with HIV vaccine antigens. Adjuvants can be broadly separated into two classes, based on their principal mechanisms of action; "vaccine delivery systems" and "immunostimulatory adjuvants". Vaccine delivery systems are generally particulate formulations e.g. emulsions, microparticles, iscoms and liposomes, and mainly function to target associated antigens into antigen presenting cells (APC). In contrast, immunostimulatory adjuvants are predominantly derived from pathogens and often represent pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) e.g. LPS, MPL, CpG DNA, which activate cells of the innate immune system. The discovery of more potent adjuvants may allow the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV. In addition, new adjuvants may also allow vaccines to be delivered mucosally.
一种HIV疫苗，尤其是基于重组蛋白和质粒DNA的疫苗，可能比传统疫苗的反应原性更低，但免疫原性也更低。因此，迫切需要开发新的、改良的佐剂和递送系统，以便与HIV疫苗抗原联合使用。基于其主要作用机制，佐剂可大致分为两类：“疫苗递送系统”和“免疫刺激佐剂”。疫苗递送系统通常是颗粒制剂，如乳剂、微粒、免疫刺激复合物和脂质体，其主要功能是将相关抗原靶向递送至抗原呈递细胞（APC）。相比之下，免疫刺激佐剂主要来源于病原体，通常代表病原体相关分子模式（PAMP），如脂多糖（LPS）、单磷酰脂质A（MPL）、CpG DNA，它们可激活先天免疫系统的细胞。发现更有效的佐剂可能有助于开发针对HIV的预防性和治疗性疫苗。此外，新型佐剂还可能使疫苗能够通过黏膜给药。
