Cahu C, Salen P, de Lorgeril M
Unité Mixte INRA-IFREMER, Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Plouzané, France.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004 Feb;14(1):34-41. doi: 10.1016/s0939-4753(04)80045-0.
The consumption of fish and fish-derived products is recommended as a means of preventing cardiovascular and other diseases, and has considerably increased over recent decades. However, as the world's wild fish stocks are limited, consumers are now being proposed farmed fish as an alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the fat composition of farmed and wild fish in order to estimate whether the expected health effects of the former (especially in relation to cardiovascular diseases) are potentially the same as those of the latter.
The data presented in this paper were collected from the recently published literature. The lipid composition of farmed fish is more constant and less affected by seasonal variations than that of wild fish because, as it is largely dependent on the fatty acid composition of their feed, it can be customised by adjusting dietary intakes. Vegetable food is increasingly replacing fishmeal in fish feeds, and may induce a relative decrease in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids. However, as farmed fish generally have higher total lipid levels than wild fish, 100 g of farmed fish fillet can provide a higher amount of n-3 PUFAs (especially EPA and DHA) than 100 g of wild fish. Furthermore, quite high levels of (alpha-tocopherol in farmed fish can theoretically provide better EPA and DHA protection against peroxidation. Sensory analyses by trained consumer panels have not revealed any significant differences between wild and farmed fish. Moreover, fresh fish storage conditions (including the time from slaughtering to consumer sales) are more easily verifiable in the case of farmed fish, in which the content of potentially toxic heavy metals (a major health concern in certain areas) is also theoretically more easily controlled.
Provided that they are raised under appropriate conditions, the nutritional content of farmed fish is at least as beneficial as that of wild fish (particularly in terms of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases), and they also have the advantages of freshness and apparent non-toxicity.
建议食用鱼类及鱼类制品以预防心血管疾病和其他疾病，并且在最近几十年中其消费量大幅增加。然而，由于世界野生鱼类资源有限，现在建议消费者将养殖鱼类作为替代品。本研究的目的是比较养殖鱼类和野生鱼类的脂肪成分，以评估前者（特别是与心血管疾病相关的）预期健康益处是否可能与后者相同。
本文所呈现的数据是从最近发表的文献中收集的。养殖鱼类的脂质成分比野生鱼类更稳定，受季节变化的影响更小，因为它在很大程度上取决于饲料的脂肪酸组成，可以通过调整饮食摄入量来定制。植物性食物在鱼饲料中越来越多地替代鱼粉，可能导致n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）占总脂肪酸的百分比相对下降。然而，由于养殖鱼类的总脂质水平通常高于野生鱼类，100克养殖鱼片比100克野生鱼类能提供更高含量的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（特别是二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸）。此外，养殖鱼类中相当高含量的α-生育酚理论上可以为二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸提供更好的抗过氧化保护。经过训练的消费者小组进行的感官分析未发现野生鱼类和养殖鱼类之间有任何显著差异。此外，对于养殖鱼类，新鲜鱼的储存条件（包括从屠宰到消费者销售的时间）更容易核实，其潜在有毒重金属（某些地区的主要健康问题）含量理论上也更容易控制。
如果在适当条件下养殖，养殖鱼类的营养成分至少与野生鱼类一样有益（特别是在预防心血管疾病方面），并且它们还具有新鲜度和明显无毒的优点。
