Walia Satish K, Kaiser Alan, Parkash Mohinder, Chaudhry G Rasul
Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2004;39(3):651-62. doi: 10.1081/ese-120027731.
Presence and survival of cultivable bacteria in drinking water can act as a vehicle to disseminate virulence genes (adherence, enterotoxigenic and antibiotic resistance) to other bacteria. This can result in high morbidity and mortality, and the failure of the treatment of life threatening bacterial infections in humans and animals. In this study, antibiotic resistance (ABR) patterns and transferability of the ABR markers was investigated in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from drinking water and human urine samples. The ABR in E. coli isolates was determined against 15 antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. A high frequency of ABR to carbenicillin (56%), tetracycline (53%) and streptomycin (49%) and a low frequency of cefizoxime (5%), amikacin (8%), cefazidine, (5%), chloramphenicol (9%), and kanamycin (18%) was found in the tested E. coli isolates. ABR to kanamycin (0% vs. 35%) and moxalactam (4% vs. 30%) was higher in drinking water isolates whereas resistance to streptomycin (92% vs. 15%), ampicillin (24% vs. 10%), and nalidixic acid (12% vs. 0%) was higher in human urine isolates. A large number of E. coli isolates (93%) exhibited resistance to two or more antibiotics. Two of E. coli isolates from drinking water showed resistances to six (Cb Cm Cx Ip Mx Tc and An Cb Km Mx Sm Tc) and one was resistant to seven antibiotics (Am An Cb Km Mx Sm Tc). A majority of the multiple antibiotic resistant E. coli isolates contained one or more plasmids (size ranged approximately 1.4 Kb to approximately 40 Kb). The ABR traits (Am and Tc) were transferable to other bacteria via conjugation. These data raise an important question about the impact of E. coli containing self-transmissible R-plasmids as a potential reservoir of virulence genes in drinking water.
饮用水中可培养细菌的存在和存活可作为一种载体，将毒力基因（黏附、产肠毒素和抗生素抗性）传播给其他细菌。这可能导致高发病率和高死亡率，以及人类和动物中危及生命的细菌感染治疗失败。在本研究中，对从饮用水和人类尿液样本中分离出的大肠杆菌进行了抗生素抗性（ABR）模式及ABR标记物可转移性的调查。针对人类和兽医学中常用的15种抗生素测定了大肠杆菌分离株中的ABR。在所测试的大肠杆菌分离株中，发现对羧苄青霉素（56%）、四环素（53%）和链霉素（49%）的ABR频率较高，而对头孢唑肟（5%）、阿米卡星（8%）、头孢唑啉（5%）、氯霉素（9%）和卡那霉素（18%）的频率较低。饮用水分离株对卡那霉素（0%对35%）和莫拉卡酰胺（4%对30%）的ABR较高，而人类尿液分离株对链霉素（92%对15%）、氨苄青霉素（24%对10%）和萘啶酸（12%对0%）的抗性较高。大量大肠杆菌分离株（93%）对两种或更多种抗生素表现出抗性。来自饮用水的两株大肠杆菌分离株对六种抗生素（羧苄青霉素、氯霉素、头孢噻肟、哌拉西林、美洛西林、四环素和阿米卡星、羧苄青霉素、卡那霉素、美洛西林、链霉素、四环素）具有抗性，一株对七种抗生素（阿米卡星、氨曲南、羧苄青霉素、卡那霉素、美洛西林、链霉素、四环素）具有抗性。大多数多重耐药大肠杆菌分离株含有一个或多个质粒（大小约为1.4千碱基至约40千碱基）。ABR性状（阿米卡星和四环素）可通过接合转移至其他细菌。这些数据引发了一个重要问题，即含有自我传递性R质粒的大肠杆菌作为饮用水中毒力基因的潜在储存库的影响。
