Oughton Deborah, Forsberg Ellen-Marie, Bay Ingrid, Kaiser Matthias, Howard Brenda
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box S003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
J Environ Radioact. 2004;74(1-3):171-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.01.009.
Experience after the Chernobyl accident has shown that restoration strategies need to consider a wide range of different issues to ensure the long-term sustainability of large and varied contaminated areas. Thus, the criteria by which we evaluate countermeasures need to be extended from simple cost-benefit effectiveness and radiological protection standards to a more integrated, holistic approach, including social and ethical aspects. Within the STRATEGY project, the applicability of many countermeasures is being critically assessed using a wide range of criteria. Attention is being given to issues such as practicability, feasibility, capacity and environmental side-effects, as well as social factors such as public perceptions of risk, communication of information and the need for dialogue and consultation with affected communities, and ethical aspects such as informed consent and the fair distribution of costs and doses. Although such socio-ethical factors are now the subject of a substantial field of research, there has been little attempt to integrate them in a practical context for decision makers. Within this paper, we specifically consider the ethical aspects of restoration strategies and suggest practical means by which these can be taken into account in the decision making process, introducing a value matrix. The paper covers two critical areas: evaluation of individual countermeasures, and use of the matrix to ensure transparent and systematic consideration of values in selection of a restoration strategy.
切尔诺贝利事故后的经验表明，恢复策略需要考虑广泛的不同问题，以确保大面积多样污染区域的长期可持续性。因此，我们评估应对措施的标准需要从简单的成本效益有效性和辐射防护标准扩展到更综合、全面的方法，包括社会和伦理方面。在“战略”项目中，正在使用广泛的标准对许多应对措施的适用性进行严格评估。人们关注的问题包括实用性、可行性、能力和环境副作用，以及社会因素，如公众对风险的认知、信息传播以及与受影响社区进行对话和协商的必要性，还有伦理方面，如知情同意以及成本和剂量的公平分配。尽管这些社会伦理因素目前是大量研究领域的主题，但几乎没有尝试将它们在实际背景中整合起来供决策者参考。在本文中，我们特别考虑恢复策略的伦理方面，并提出在决策过程中考虑这些方面的实际方法，引入一个价值矩阵。本文涵盖两个关键领域：对单个应对措施的评估，以及使用该矩阵确保在选择恢复策略时对价值观进行透明和系统的考量。
