Medullary efferent and afferent neurons of the facial nerve of the pit viper Gloydius brevicaudus.

For the purposes of comparative anatomy, we used tracer techniques and immunohistochemistry to study the facial nerve in the pit viper Gloydius brevicaudus and obtained much new data applicable to the function of this nerve in snakes and, in particular, pit vipers. We were able to identify the superior salivatory nucleus in these snakes. Preganglionic fibers from this nucleus pass along the palatine nerve and an anterior communicating branch to reach the pterygopalatine ganglion attached to the deep branch of the trigeminal maxillary nerve. The palatine nerve also contains general somatic afferents and a very few special visceral afferents from some taste buds on the palate. In the mandibular direction, preganglionic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus join special visceral efferents from the motor nucleus in the hyomandibular nerve, from which they pass into the chorda tympani to course together for a short distance. The special visceral efferents branch off outside the cranium, and the preganglionic fibers continue on to join the trigeminal mandibular nerve to project to small ganglia within the mandible. The chorda tympani also contains general somatic afferents from the mandibular region but no special visceral afferents. This is the first time that the superior salivatory nucleus and its adjuncts have been identified in a snake. The chorda tympani of these snakes is also distinguished from the mammalian condition by lacking any special visceral afferents and by branching outside the cranium.