Blain Peter G
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Toxicol Rev. 2003;22(2):103-10. doi: 10.2165/00139709-200322020-00005.
Irritant incapacitants, also called riot control agents, lacrimators and tear gases, are aerosol-dispersed chemicals that produce eye, nose, mouth, skin and respiratory tract irritation. Tear gas is the common name for substances that, in low concentrations, cause pain in the eyes, flow of tears and difficulty in keeping the eyes open. Only three agents are likely to be deployed: (i) 1-chloroacetophenone (CN); (ii) 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS); or (iii) dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR). CN is the most toxic lacrimator and at high concentrations has caused corneal epithelial damage and chemosis. It has accounted for at least five deaths, which have resulted from pulmonary injury and/or asphyxia. CS is a 10-times more potent lacrimator than CN but is less systemically toxic. CR is the most potent lacrimator with the least systemic toxicity and is highly stable. CN, CS and CR cause almost instant pain in the eyes, excessive flow of tears and closure of the eyelids, and incapacitation of exposed individuals. Apart from the effects on the eyes, these agents also cause irritation in the nose and mouth, throat and airways and sometimes to the skin, particularly in moist and warm areas. In situations of massive exposure, tear gas, which is swallowed, may cause vomiting. Serious systemic toxicity is rare and occurs most frequently with CN; it is most likely to occur when these agents are used in very high concentrations within confined non-ventilated spaces. Based on the available toxicological and medical evidence, CS and CR have a large safety margin for life-threatening or irreversible toxic effects. There is no evidence that a healthy individual will experience long-term health effects from open-air exposures to CS or CR, although contamination with CR is less easy to remove.
刺激性失能剂，也被称为防暴剂、催泪剂和催泪瓦斯，是通过气溶胶分散的化学物质，会对眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴、皮肤和呼吸道产生刺激。催泪瓦斯是一类物质的通用名称，这类物质在低浓度时会引起眼睛疼痛、流泪以及难以睁开眼睛。可能会被使用的只有三种制剂：（i）1-氯苯乙酮（CN）；（ii）2-氯亚苄基丙二腈（CS）；或（iii）二苯并[b,f]-1,4-恶唑庚因（CR）。CN是毒性最强的催泪剂，在高浓度时会导致角膜上皮损伤和结膜水肿。它至少导致了五起死亡事件，死因是肺部损伤和/或窒息。CS作为催泪剂的效力是CN的10倍，但全身毒性较小。CR是效力最强的催泪剂，全身毒性最小，且稳定性很高。CN、CS和CR几乎会立即引起眼睛疼痛、流泪过多和眼睑闭合，使暴露者丧失能力。除了对眼睛的影响外，这些制剂还会刺激鼻子、嘴巴、喉咙和气道，有时也会刺激皮肤，尤其是在潮湿温暖的部位。在大量接触的情况下，被吞咽的催泪瓦斯可能会导致呕吐。严重的全身毒性很少见，最常发生在CN身上；当这些制剂在密闭不通风的空间中以非常高的浓度使用时，最有可能发生全身毒性。根据现有的毒理学和医学证据，CS和CR在危及生命或不可逆毒性方面有很大的安全边际。没有证据表明健康个体在露天接触CS或CR后会出现长期健康影响，不过CR造成的污染更难清除。
