Wenzel Andrea, Böhmer Walter, Müller Josef, Rüdel Heinz, Schröter-Kermani Christa
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 57377 Schmallenberg, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Mar 15;38(6):1654-61. doi: 10.1021/es035032b.
Breams (Abramis brama) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from freshwater, and common mussels (Mytilus edulis) from marine ecosystems, archived in the German Environmental Specimen Bankwere analyzed for the presence of 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and octylphenol monoethoxylate (OP1EO). The samples were collected in the German rivers Elbe, Rhine, and Saar, and in Lake Belau between 1992 and 2001, as well as in the North Sea and Baltic Sea between 1985 and 2001. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of imposed reduction measures regarding the use of alkylphenol ethoxylates. NP1EO and OP were detected in all breams. NP was predominantly above the limit of quantification (LOQ, 2 ng/g; all data on a wet weight basis), and OP1EO was mostly below the LOQ (0.2 ng/g). Maximal concentrations of 112 ng/g NP, 259 ng/g NP1EO, 5.5 ng/g OP, and 2.6 ng/g OP1EO were found in Saar breams from 1994. NP was detected in all zebra mussels from the river Elbe (up to 41 ng/g), whereas in rather few samples OP and NP1EO were found at low levels. OP1EO was not detected in any sample. Concentrations in mussels and breams from the reference site Lake Belau were below the LOQ for all compounds. In marine biota NP was found until 1997 with maximum concentrations up to 9.7 ng/g, whereas NP1EO was detected at levels between 1.7 and 12.9 ng/g in very few samples collected at the end of the 1980s. A tendency of the concentrations to decrease was obvious for all sampling sites; it was most pronounced for NP1EO and NP after 1996/1997. The effectiveness of the reduction measures is most evident at the Saar sampling site Güdingen and the North Sea sampling site Eckwarderhörne.
对德国环境标本库中存档的淡水鲷鱼（欧洲圆腹雅罗鱼）和斑马贻贝，以及海洋生态系统中的贻贝（紫贻贝）进行了分析，以检测其中4 - 壬基酚（NP）、4 - 叔辛基酚（OP）、壬基酚单乙氧基化物（NP1EO）和辛基酚单乙氧基化物（OP1EO）的存在情况。这些样本于1992年至2001年期间在德国的易北河、莱茵河和萨尔河以及贝劳湖采集，同时在1985年至2001年期间在北海和波罗的海采集。该研究的主要目的是调查针对烷基酚乙氧基化物使用所实施的减排措施的有效性。在所有鲷鱼中均检测到了NP1EO和OP。NP大多高于定量限（LOQ，2 ng/g；所有数据均以湿重计），而OP1EO大多低于定量限（0.2 ng/g）。1994年萨尔河鲷鱼中NP的最大浓度为112 ng/g，NP1EO为259 ng/g，OP为5.5 ng/g，OP1EO为2.6 ng/g。在易北河的所有斑马贻贝中均检测到了NP（最高达41 ng/g），而仅在极少样本中发现低水平的OP和NP1EO。在任何样本中均未检测到OP1EO。参考地点贝劳湖的贻贝和鲷鱼中所有化合物的浓度均低于定量限。在海洋生物区系中，直到1997年都能检测到NP，最大浓度高达9.7 ng/g，而在20世纪80年代末采集的极少样本中，NP1EO的检测浓度在1.7至12.9 ng/g之间。所有采样点的浓度均呈现出下降趋势；1996/1997年后，NP1EO和NP的下降趋势最为明显。减排措施的有效性在萨尔河采样点居丁根和北海采样点埃克瓦德霍恩最为明显。
