Moscrip Tammy D, Terrace Herbert S, Sackeim Harold A, Lisanby Sarah H
Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.
J ECT. 2004 Mar;20(1):26-36. doi: 10.1097/00124509-200403000-00007.
A nonhuman primate model of the key cognitive effects of convulsive treatment was developed and tested. Rhesus macaques were trained on 3 tasks: a long-term memory task that required selection of a constant target from a background of distracters, an anterograde task that involved learning a new target each day against a variable number of distracters, and a task that assessed learning and memory for new and previously trained 3-item serial lists. This battery samples a range of cognitive functions, including orientation, working memory, retrograde amnesia for temporally graded stimuli, and anterograde amnesia. Using a within-subject, sham-controlled design, the amnestic effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) were evaluated in 2 monkeys. Significant effects of the interventions (sham and ECS) were seen on all tasks. The degree of impairment varied across tasks and as a function of task difficulty. ECS did not impair accuracy on the less difficult tasks (memory for an overlearned item and acquisition of a new item) but did increase the amount of time required to complete the tasks, consistent with a period of disorientation acutely after the intervention. This effect was progressive across the treatments. ECS impaired the acquisition and memory of new lists compatible with an anterograde memory deficit, whereas recall for old lists was relatively spared. This study developed and validated a cognitive battery to assess amnesia in nonhuman primates, providing new experimental paradigms for evaluating the cognitive effects of convulsive treatment.
建立并测试了惊厥治疗关键认知效应的非人灵长类动物模型。对恒河猴进行了三项任务训练：一项长期记忆任务，要求从干扰物背景中选择一个固定目标；一项顺行性任务，涉及每天针对不同数量的干扰物学习一个新目标；以及一项评估对新的和先前训练的三项序列列表的学习和记忆的任务。这套测试组合涵盖了一系列认知功能，包括定向、工作记忆、对时间分级刺激的逆行性遗忘和顺行性遗忘。采用受试者内假手术对照设计，在两只猴子身上评估了电惊厥休克（ECS）的遗忘效应。在所有任务中均观察到干预（假手术和ECS）的显著效果。损伤程度因任务而异，并随任务难度而变化。ECS并未损害较简单任务（对过度学习项目的记忆和新事物的获取）的准确性，但确实增加了完成任务所需的时间，这与干预后急性定向障碍期一致。这种效应在各治疗阶段呈渐进性。ECS损害了与顺行性记忆缺陷相符的新列表的获取和记忆，而对旧列表的回忆相对未受影响。本研究开发并验证了一套用于评估非人灵长类动物遗忘症的认知测试组合，为评估惊厥治疗的认知效应提供了新的实验范式。
