Matzke P, Holzer A, Deneke J
Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Tierzucht, Grub.
Tierarztl Prax. 1992 Feb;20(1):21-32.
The influence of housing factors on udder diseases was investigated in 2156 tiestall barns with 41893 cows and in 98 loose housed herds with 4126 cows. In loose housed herds less teat injuries were observed and also less mastitis than in tiestall barns. Within the different tiestall systems there was a trend to more udder diseases in short standings with a dung grid than in other systems. The ordinary neck chain and the "Grabner"-tethering system showed better results than the horizontal chain and the yoke tying system. Stall partitions between the cows caused a marked reduction of udder diseases. The installation of a cow trainer showed advantages regarding udder diseases. Inaccurate standing measurements (length and width) caused more udder diseases. When the metal grid was in poor condition, the incidence of teat injuries as well as udder diseases of heifers increased. Teat injuries and udder infections were more frequent when limb or digit injuries were found. Regular hoof care twice a year reduced the udder disease rate. Bedding material influenced the incidence of udder diseases positively. On farms where the cows were on pasture, the incidence of udder infections was higher than on farms where the cows were permanently housed. Heifers that were tied as calves or as juveniles showed significantly less udder diseases than those that were raised in groups. Faults in milking, defects in milking machines and deficits in milking hygiene showed a negative effect on udder diseases.
在2156个拥有41893头奶牛的栓系式牛舍和98个拥有4126头奶牛的散栏式牛群中，研究了牛舍因素对乳房疾病的影响。与栓系式牛舍相比，散栏式牛群中观察到的乳头损伤较少，乳腺炎也较少。在不同的栓系系统中，带有粪便格栅的短站立式牛舍比其他系统更容易出现乳房疾病。普通颈链和“格拉布纳”系留系统的效果优于水平链和轭式系留系统。奶牛之间的牛栏隔板可显著减少乳房疾病。安装奶牛训练器在乳房疾病方面显示出优势。不准确的站立测量（长度和宽度）会导致更多的乳房疾病。当金属格栅状况不佳时，小母牛的乳头损伤以及乳房疾病的发生率会增加。当发现肢体或趾部受伤时，乳头损伤和乳房感染更为频繁。每年定期进行两次蹄部护理可降低乳房疾病发生率。垫料对乳房疾病的发生率有积极影响。奶牛在牧场的农场中，乳房感染的发生率高于奶牛常年圈养的农场。作为犊牛或幼年时被拴系的小母牛比成群饲养的小母牛乳房疾病明显更少。挤奶失误、挤奶机缺陷和挤奶卫生不足对乳房疾病有负面影响。
