Tauer John M, Harackiewicz Judith M
Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004 Jun;86(6):849-61. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.849.
The authors examined the effects of competition and cooperation on intrinsic motivation and performance in 4 studies. Across 3 behavioral studies that involved shooting a basketball, no differences were observed between competition and cooperation on task enjoyment or performance. However, the combination of competition and cooperation (intergroup competition) consistently led to higher levels of intrinsic motivation, and in 2 of the 3 studies, performance. In a questionnaire study, the authors replicated the positive effects of intergroup competition on enjoyment and examined process measures that might account for these effects. These findings suggest that competition and cooperation both have positive aspects and that structuring recreational activities to include both can facilitate high levels of both intrinsic motivation and performance.
作者在4项研究中考察了竞争与合作对内在动机和表现的影响。在3项涉及投篮的行为研究中，竞争与合作在任务乐趣或表现方面未观察到差异。然而，竞争与合作的结合（组间竞争）始终会带来更高水平的内在动机，并且在3项研究中的2项中，还能提高表现。在一项问卷调查研究中，作者重复了组间竞争对乐趣的积极影响，并研究了可能解释这些影响的过程指标。这些发现表明，竞争和合作都有积极的方面，构建同时包含两者的娱乐活动可以促进高水平的内在动机和表现。
