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海面微层(SML)中的污染物综述:海洋生物的独特栖息地。

A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML): a unique habitat for marine organisms.

作者信息

Wurl Oliver, Obbard Jeffrey Phillip

机构信息

Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

出版信息

Mar Pollut Bull. 2004 Jun;48(11-12):1016-30. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.03.016.

Abstract

Boundary layers between different environmental compartments represent critical interfaces for biological, chemical and physical processes. The sea-surface microlayer (uppermost 1-1000 microm layer) forms the boundary layer interface between the atmosphere and ocean. Environmental processes are controlled by the SML, and it is known to play a key role in the global distribution of anthropogenic pollutants. Due to its unique chemical composition, the upper organic film of the SML represents both a sink and a source for a range of pollutants including chlorinated hydrocarbons, organotin compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. These pollutants can be enriched in the SML by up to 500 times relative to concentrations occurring in the underlying bulk water column. The SML is also a unique ecosystem, serving as an important habitat for fish eggs and larvae. Concentration ranges and enrichment factors of pollutants in the SML in different areas of the world's oceans have been critically reviewed, together with available toxicity data for marine biota found within the SML. Overall, the SML is highly contaminated in many urban and industrialized areas of the world, resulting in severe ecotoxicological impacts. Such impacts may lead to drastic effects on the marine food web and to fishery recruitment in coastal waters. Studies of the toxicity of fish eggs and larvae exposed to the SML contaminants have shown that the SML in polluted areas leads to significantly higher rates of mortality and abnormality of fish embryos and larvae.

摘要

不同环境区域之间的边界层是生物、化学和物理过程的关键界面。海面微层(最上层1 - 1000微米层)构成了大气与海洋之间的边界层界面。环境过程受海面微层控制,并且已知其在人为污染物的全球分布中起着关键作用。由于其独特的化学成分,海面微层的上层有机膜既是一系列污染物的汇,也是源,这些污染物包括氯代烃、有机锡化合物、石油烃、多环芳烃(PAH)和重金属。相对于下层水体中的浓度,这些污染物在海面微层中的富集倍数可达500倍。海面微层也是一个独特的生态系统,是鱼卵和幼体的重要栖息地。对世界海洋不同区域海面微层中污染物的浓度范围和富集因子,以及海面微层中海洋生物区系的现有毒性数据进行了严格审查。总体而言,在世界许多城市和工业化地区,海面微层受到高度污染,导致严重的生态毒理学影响。这种影响可能对海洋食物网和沿海水域的渔业补充产生巨大影响。对暴露于海面微层污染物的鱼卵和幼体的毒性研究表明,污染区域的海面微层会导致鱼胚胎和幼体的死亡率和畸形率显著升高。

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