Hoenicke K, Gatermann R, Hartig L, Mandix M, Otte S
Eurofins/Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen GmbH, Stenzelring 14 b, D-21107 Hamburg, Germany.
Food Addit Contam. 2004 Jun;21(6):526-37. doi: 10.1080/02652030410001712484.
Semicarbazide (SEM) is considered to be a characteristic protein-bound side-chain metabolite of the banned veterinary drug nitrofurazone. It is therefore used as a marker for nitrofurazone abuse. Recently, there has been concern about other sources of SEM in tissue samples, which are not linked to the illegal use of nitrofurazone. The present studies have shown that SEM can occur naturally, e.g. in algae, shrimps and eggs, and is formed from natural substances, e.g. arginine and creatine. A significant formation of SEM was observed in samples treated with hypochlorite commonly used in food processing for disinfection or bleaching. SEM was formed in different kinds of nitrogen compound-containing samples (0.3-20 microg kg(-1)) after treatment with 1% active chlorine. It was detected in the mg kg(-1) range after hypochlorite treatment (0.015% active chlorine) of creatine. Lower levels were also formed from creatinine, arginine and urea. SEM present in hypochlorite-treated carrageenan proved mostly to occur in the tissue-bound form. Therefore, differentiation between SEM from nitrofurazone abuse and SEM originating from natural constituents (due to hypochlorite treatment) seems not to be unambiguously possible.
氨基脲（SEM）被认为是禁用兽药呋喃西林特有的与蛋白质结合的侧链代谢产物。因此，它被用作呋喃西林滥用的标志物。最近，人们开始关注组织样本中SEM的其他来源，这些来源与呋喃西林的非法使用无关。目前的研究表明，SEM可以自然产生，例如在藻类、虾和蛋类中，并且由天然物质如精氨酸和肌酸形成。在用食品加工中常用的次氯酸盐进行消毒或漂白处理的样品中，观察到SEM有显著生成。用1%的有效氯处理后，不同种类的含氮化合物样品（0.3 - 20微克/千克）中形成了SEM。用次氯酸盐（0.015%有效氯）处理肌酸后，在毫克/千克范围内检测到了SEM。肌酐、精氨酸和尿素也能形成较低水平的SEM。经次氯酸盐处理的卡拉胶中存在的SEM大多以组织结合形式出现。因此，似乎无法明确区分来自呋喃西林滥用的SEM和源自天然成分（由于次氯酸盐处理）的SEM。
