NF-kappaB inducing kinase activates NF-kappaB transcriptional activity independently of IkappaB kinase gamma through a p38 MAPK-dependent RelA phosphorylation pathway.

Molecular and biochemical analysis indicates that nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-inducing kinase (NIK) mediates IKK activation and NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. However, gene deletion studies suggest that NIK triggers gene expression without affecting IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. In order to investigate the role of NIK in NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) derived from wild-type (wt) and IkappaB kinase gamma (IKKgamma) gene deficient (IKKgamma(-/-)) mice. We report that although TNF-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity is abolished in IKKgamma(-/-) cells, adenoviral gene delivery of NIK (Ad5NIK) still enhanced transcriptional activity and IL-6 mRNA accumulation. Moreover, NIK targets the transactivation function of NF-kappaB through stimulation of the transactivation domain (TAD) of RelA (S536) in IKKgamma(-/-) cells. Interestingly, Ad5NIK, but not TNF, induces RelA S536 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in IKKgamma(-/-) cells. Functional analysis demonstrated that Ad5NIK-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, IL-6 mRNA expression and RelA phosphorylation are inhibited by the p38 inhibitor SB203580, suggesting a role for this MAPK in NIK signaling to NF-kappaB. These data demonstrate for the first time the presence of an IKKgamma-independent NIK/p38 MAPK-dependent signaling pathway that activates NF-kappaB and induces pro-inflammatory gene expression through RelA phosphorylation.