Garrison H H, Herman S S, Lipton J A
Dent Mater. 1992 Jan;8(1):42-8. doi: 10.1016/0109-5641(92)90052-e.
International patterns of research and development in the field of restorative dental materials were examined with data on publications (1981-85) and patents (1979-88). It was found that United States-based authors produced approximately one-half of all dental materials journal articles published worldwide, while US inventors had nearly the same share of the US dental materials patents. During the periods studied, the share of US patents in dental materials awarded to US inventors declined, while the share of US patents awarded to Japanese inventors rose. The role of the United States in research (as measured by journal articles) remained stable. Nations differed in the degree to which their researchers specialized in particular research areas. US-based authors and inventors were relatively over-represented in prosthetic materials and under-represented in dental cements, an area in which the British and the Japanese concentrated more of their activity. There was some, but not complete, agreement in the patterns of national specialization as indexed by patent and publication data. When dental materials data were compared with data for broader fields of science and technology, important differences were found. For publications, US-based authors displayed greater dominance in dental materials than in the fields of dentistry, chemistry, and materials science. US-based inventors' share of US dental materials patents was smaller than their share of all US patents. These analyses demonstrated that it was possible to use indicators derived from publication and patent data files to conduct insightful studies of a discrete specialty of science and technology.
利用有关出版物（1981 - 1985年）和专利（1979 - 1988年）的数据，对牙齿修复材料领域的国际研发模式进行了研究。结果发现，以美国为基地的作者发表了全球所有牙科材料期刊文章的大约一半，而美国发明家获得的美国牙科材料专利份额也大致相同。在研究期间，授予美国发明家的美国牙科材料专利份额下降，而授予日本发明家的美国专利份额上升。美国在研究方面的作用（以期刊文章衡量）保持稳定。各国研究人员在特定研究领域的专业化程度有所不同。以美国为基地的作者和发明家在修复材料方面的代表性相对过高，而在牙科水泥方面的代表性不足，英国和日本的研究活动在这一领域更为集中。在专利和出版物数据所反映的国家专业化模式方面，存在一些但并非完全一致的情况。当将牙科材料数据与更广泛的科学技术领域的数据进行比较时，发现了重要差异。就出版物而言，以美国为基地的作者在牙科材料领域比在牙科、化学和材料科学领域表现出更大的主导地位。以美国为基地的发明家获得的美国牙科材料专利份额低于他们获得的所有美国专利的份额。这些分析表明，利用从出版物和专利数据文件中得出的指标，有可能对一个离散的科技专业进行有见地的研究。
