Rotteveel Mark, Phaf R Hans
Department of Psychonomics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2004 Apr;11(2):326-31. doi: 10.3758/bf03196578.
Stronger affective priming (Murphy & Zajonc, 1993) with suboptimal (i.e., reduced consciousness) than with optimal (i.e., full consciousness) prime presentation suggests that nonconscious processes form an important part of emotions. Merikle and Joordens (1997) have argued that both impoverished presentation and divided attention can produce suboptimal conditions and result in parallel effects. We manipulated attention by means of a concurrent working memory load while keeping presentation duration constant, as participants evaluated Japanese ideographs that were preceded by happy, neutral, or angry faces (affective priming) and male or female faces (nonaffective priming). In contrast to nonaffective priming, affective priming was larger with divided attention than with focused attention. It is concluded that manipulations of stimulus quality and of attention can both be used to probe the distinction between conscious and nonconscious processes and that the highest chances of obtaining the pattern of stronger priming with suboptimal presentation than with optimal presentation occur in the affective domain.
与最佳（即完全有意识）启动呈现相比，次优（即意识减弱）时情感启动更强（Murphy & Zajonc，1993），这表明无意识过程构成了情感的重要组成部分。Merikle和Joordens（1997）认为，呈现不佳和注意力分散都可能产生次优条件并导致平行效应。当参与者评估在快乐、中性或愤怒面孔（情感启动）以及男性或女性面孔（非情感启动）之前出现的日本汉字时，我们通过同时进行工作记忆负荷来操纵注意力，同时保持呈现持续时间不变。与非情感启动相反，情感启动在注意力分散时比在注意力集中时更大。研究得出结论，刺激质量和注意力的操纵都可用于探究有意识和无意识过程之间的区别，并且在情感领域中，与最佳呈现相比，次优呈现时获得更强启动模式的可能性最高。
