Rotteveel M, de Groot P, Geutskens A, Phaf R H
Department of Psychonomics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Emotion. 2001 Dec;1(4):348-64. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.1.4.348.
The finding of stronger affective priming in less conscious (suboptimal) conditions than in fully conscious (optimal) conditions (S. T. Murphy & R. B. Zajonc, 1993) is theoretically important because it contradicts notions that emotions are primarily reflected by conscious states. In 2 experiments, this pattern of results was obtained. Happy and angry faces were presented both optimally and suboptimally and were masked by unknown ideographs. In Experiment 1, instructions for the conscious and less conscious affective priming conditions were matched, and affective ratings of ideographs were determined. In Experiment 2, a more implicit affective measure (facial electromyography of musculus zygomaticus major and musculus corrugator supercilii) served as the dependent variable. Stronger suboptimal than optimal affective priming was found in both experiments. It is concluded that stronger suboptimal than optimal processing is characteristic for affective processing and that it can also be found when instructions are matched and when a more implicit measure is assessed.
研究发现，与完全有意识（最佳）状态相比，在意识程度较低（次优）的状态下情感启动效应更强（S. T. 墨菲和R. B. 扎荣茨，1993），这在理论上具有重要意义，因为它与情感主要由意识状态反映的观点相矛盾。在两项实验中都得到了这种结果模式。呈现了快乐和愤怒的面孔，呈现方式既有最佳状态的，也有次优状态的，并且用未知的表意文字进行了掩盖。在实验1中，对有意识和意识程度较低的情感启动条件的指示进行了匹配，并确定了表意文字的情感评分。在实验2中，一种更隐性的情感测量方法（对颧大肌和皱眉肌的面部肌电图）作为因变量。在两项实验中都发现，次优状态下的情感启动效应比最佳状态下更强。研究得出结论，情感加工的特征是次优状态下的加工比最佳状态下更强，而且当指示匹配以及采用更隐性的测量方法时也能发现这一点。
