Equipment innovations and rules changes in sports.

Participation in competitive athletics carries an inherent risk for injury. The acceptable level of risk in certain sports is often a topic of considerable debate. The National Collegiate Athletic Association, and other sports governing bodies, use injury surveillance and input from coaches, administrators, officials, athletes, and sports medicine experts in considering rules and equipment changes. Equipment innovations and/or equipment rules changes may decrease the risk of injury. However, equipment and rules changes can alter the essence or style of play of a particular sport, thus possibly increasing the risk of injury. This article discusses recent changes in equipment in various sports. The reasons for change, controversy, and relevant research related to those changes are also reviewed.