Vorkamp Katrin, Riget Frank, Glasius Marianne, Pécseli Maria, Lebeuf Michel, Muir Derek
Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark.
Sci Total Environ. 2004 Sep 20;331(1-3):157-75. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.027.
This paper summarises the levels and composition of chlorobenzenes, chlorinated pesticides, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the chlorinated compounds octachlorostyrene (OCS), hexachlorocyclobutadiene (HCBD) and pentachloro-anisole (PCA) in biota from the terrestrial, freshwater and marine environment of Greenland. The data were obtained during the second phase of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). Of the chlorobenzenes, hexachlorobenzene was the main constituent detected in almost all samples. The chlorobenzenes accumulate in the marine food web in a similar manner to the better-studied persistent organic pollutants, with maximum concentrations in beluga, minke whale and narwhal. However, concentrations in ringed seals and kittiwakes were lower than in marine fish, contradicting biomagnification. Of the organochlorine pesticides, the drin pesticides (aldrin, endrin, dieldrin) and heptachlor had increasing concentrations along the food chain, whilst biomagnification was less pronounced for endosulfan, methoxychlor and mirex. Endosulfan and methoxychlor are pesticides still in use and considered less persistent than other organochlorine pesticides. Their occurrence in Arctic biota is of particular concern, also given the high acute toxicity of endosulfan to fish. Chlorobenzene and pesticide concentrations tended to be lower in the Greenland samples than in the same animals from the Canadian Arctic, whilst their concentrations were similar to samples from Svalbard and Iceland. However, temporal trends might overlap the geographical differences. Coplanar chlorobiphenyls (CBs) were found in all samples analysed, with the maximum concentrations found in marine mammals such as beluga and narwhal. Biota from the terrestrial environment appeared to be less contaminated. The main contributor on a TEQ basis was CB126. OCS, HCBD and PCA were detected in biota from Greenland, although at very low concentrations. OCS seems to have the widest occurrence and the highest potential for biomagnification of the three compounds analysed.
本文总结了格陵兰岛陆地、淡水和海洋环境生物群中氯苯、氯代农药、共平面多氯联苯（PCBs）以及氯代化合物八氯苯乙烯（OCS）、六氯环丁二烯（HCBD）和五氯茴香醚（PCA）的含量及组成。这些数据是在北极监测与评估计划（AMAP）的第二阶段获得的。在氯苯中，六氯苯是几乎所有样本中检测到的主要成分。氯苯在海洋食物网中的积累方式与研究较为充分的持久性有机污染物相似，在白鲸、小须鲸和独角鲸体内浓度最高。然而，环斑海豹和三趾鸥体内的浓度低于海洋鱼类，这与生物放大作用相矛盾。在有机氯农药中，狄氏剂类农药（艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、狄氏剂）和七氯沿食物链浓度增加，而硫丹、甲氧滴滴涕和灭蚁灵的生物放大作用则不那么明显。硫丹和甲氧滴滴涕仍在使用，被认为比其他有机氯农药的持久性低。考虑到硫丹对鱼类的高急性毒性，它们在北极生物群中的出现尤其令人担忧。格陵兰样本中氯苯和农药的浓度往往低于来自加拿大北极地区的相同动物体内的浓度，而与斯瓦尔巴群岛和冰岛的样本浓度相似。然而，时间趋势可能会掩盖地理差异。在所有分析样本中均发现了共平面氯联苯（CBs），在白鲸和独角鲸等海洋哺乳动物体内浓度最高。陆地环境中的生物群似乎受污染程度较低。基于毒性当量（TEQ），主要贡献者是CB126。在格陵兰生物群中检测到了OCS、HCBD和PCA，尽管浓度非常低。在所分析的三种化合物中，OCS的分布似乎最广，生物放大潜力最高。
