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Move over ANOVA: progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry.告别方差分析：重复测量数据分析的进展及其在《普通精神病学档案》发表论文中的体现。
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;61(3):310-7. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310.
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The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) detects changes in depressive symptoms after a major negative life event. The Leiden 85-plus Study.15项老年抑郁量表（GDS-15）可检测重大负面生活事件后抑郁症状的变化。莱顿85岁及以上人群研究。
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;19(1):80-4. doi: 10.1002/gps.1043.
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Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in a community population of older persons.老年社区人群中的抑郁症状与认知衰退
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;75(1):126-9.
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Neuropsychological performance and dementia in depressed patients after 25-year follow-up: a controlled study.25年随访后抑郁症患者的神经心理表现与痴呆：一项对照研究。
Psychol Med. 2003 Oct;33(7):1263-75. doi: 10.1017/s0033291703008195.
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Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the MIRAGE Study.抑郁症作为阿尔茨海默病的一个风险因素：MIRAGE研究。
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A collaborative study of the emergence and clinical features of the major depressive syndrome of Alzheimer's disease.阿尔茨海默病重度抑郁综合征的出现及临床特征的合作研究。
Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):857-66. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.857.
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Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in elderly people. Longitudinal study.老年人的抑郁症状与认知衰退。纵向研究。
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Is late onset depression a prodrome to dementia?迟发性抑郁症是痴呆症的前驱症状吗？
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;17(11):997-1005. doi: 10.1002/gps.525.

老年人抑郁症与认知障碍之间的时间关系：基于人群的前瞻性研究。

Temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age: prospective population based study.

作者信息

Vinkers David J, Gussekloo Jacobijn, Stek Max L, Westendorp Rudi G J, van der Mast Roos C

机构信息

Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.

出版信息

BMJ. 2004 Oct 16;329(7471):881. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38216.604664.DE. Epub 2004 Sep 2.

DOI:10.1136/bmj.38216.604664.DE
PMID:15345599
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC523108/
Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To examine the temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age.

DESIGN

Prospective, population based study with four years of follow up.

SETTING

City of Leiden, the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS

500 people aged 85 years at recruitment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Annual assessments of depressive symptoms (15 item geriatric depression scale), global cognitive function (mini-mental state examination), attention (Stroop test), processing speed (letter digit coding test), and immediate and delayed recall (12 word learning test).

RESULTS

At 85 years old, participants' depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment were highly significantly correlated (P < 0.001). During follow up, an accelerated annual increase of depressive symptoms was associated with impaired attention (0.08 points (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.16)), immediate recall (0.17 points (0.09 to 0.25)), and delayed recall (0.10 points (0.02 to 0.18)) at baseline. In contrast, depressive symptoms at baseline were not related to an accelerated cognitive decline during follow up (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Caregivers should be aware of the development of depressive symptoms when cognitive impairment is present. However, the presence of depression only does not increase the risk of cognitive decline.

摘要

目的

研究老年期抑郁症与认知障碍之间的时间关系。

设计

前瞻性、基于人群的研究，随访四年。

地点

荷兰莱顿市。

参与者

招募时年龄为85岁的500人。

主要观察指标

每年评估抑郁症状（15项老年抑郁量表）、整体认知功能（简易精神状态检查表）、注意力（斯特鲁普测验）、处理速度（字母数字编码测验）以及即时和延迟回忆（12词学习测验）。

结果

85岁时，参与者的抑郁症状与认知障碍高度显著相关（P < 0.001）。在随访期间，抑郁症状每年加速增加与基线时注意力受损（0.08分（95%置信区间0.01至0.16））、即时回忆受损（0.17分（0.09至0.25））和延迟回忆受损（0.10分（0.02至0.18））相关。相比之下，基线时的抑郁症状与随访期间认知功能加速下降无关（P > 0.05）。

结论

护理人员在存在认知障碍时应注意抑郁症状的发展。然而，仅存在抑郁症并不会增加认知功能下降的风险。