Maziak W, Ward K D, Eissenberg T
Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, P.O. Box 16542, Aleppo, Syria.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 Oct 5;76(1):101-6. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.007.
To evaluate factors related to level of narghile (waterpipe) use as a first step towards modeling tobacco dependence among narghile users.
Cross sectional survey done in 2003 using interviewer-administered anonymous questionnaires.
Cafes/restaurants serving narghiles in Aleppo, Syria.
Narghile smokers (161 men and 107 women; mean age, 30.1 +/- 10.2, 161; age range, 18-68 years; response rate, 95.3%) randomly selected from the 17 cafes/restaurants sampled.
Frequency of narghile use (daily, weekly, monthly) was assessed as a function of several factors potentially indicative of dependence, including situational characteristics (where, when, and with whom smoking occurs; seasonality of use, and sharing of narghile), attitudes, and experience with quitting narghile use, escalation of use over time, future intentions regarding use, perception of being "hooked" on narghile, and cognitions/behaviors engaged in to support use (carrying one's own narghile; think of narghile when it is not available; considering narghile for selection of cafes/restaurants).
Frequency of narghile use was strongly correlated with participant's subjective judgment of how hooked they are on narghile (coefficient, 0.5). Predictors of narghile use frequency according to multinomial logistic regression were: male gender, smoking mainly alone versus with others; smoking mainly at home versus outside; smoking more frequently since initiation, being hooked on narghile, carrying narghile, and considering it for cafe/restaurant choice.
Our data reveal two main domains of a tobacco dependence syndrome likely to be relevant to narghile; the first reflects the effects of nicotine contained in narghile tobacco, and is not very different from what is seen with other tobacco products, and the second is unique to narghile and is related mainly to its social dimension, with more intensive smokers showing an increasingly individual pattern of narghile smoking.
评估与水烟使用水平相关的因素，作为模拟水烟使用者烟草依赖模型的第一步。
2003年采用由访谈员管理的匿名问卷进行横断面调查。
叙利亚阿勒颇供应水烟的咖啡馆/餐馆。
从17家抽样的咖啡馆/餐馆中随机选取水烟吸食者（161名男性和107名女性；平均年龄30.1±10.2岁，161人；年龄范围18 - 68岁；应答率95.3%）。
水烟使用频率（每日、每周、每月）根据几个可能表明依赖的因素进行评估，包括情境特征（吸烟的地点、时间和同伴；使用的季节性以及水烟的共享情况）、态度以及戒烟经历、随时间推移使用量的增加、未来使用意图、对水烟“上瘾”的认知以及为支持使用而采取的认知/行为（携带自己的水烟；在没有水烟时想到水烟；在选择咖啡馆/餐馆时考虑水烟）。
水烟使用频率与参与者对自己对水烟上瘾程度的主观判断密切相关（系数为0.5）。根据多项逻辑回归，水烟使用频率的预测因素为：男性、主要独自吸烟而非与他人一起吸烟；主要在家吸烟而非在户外吸烟；自开始吸烟以来更频繁吸烟、对水烟上瘾、携带水烟以及在选择咖啡馆/餐馆时考虑水烟。
我们的数据揭示了可能与水烟相关的烟草依赖综合征的两个主要方面；第一个反映了水烟烟草中所含尼古丁的影响，与其他烟草制品所见情况差异不大，第二个是水烟特有的，主要与其社会层面相关，吸烟更频繁者表现出越来越个体化的水烟吸食模式。
