Koskinen Sari, Vento Seija, Malmberg Henrik, Tuorila Hely
Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Acta Otolaryngol. 2004 Nov;124(9):1072-7. doi: 10.1080/00016480410015776.
The capability of three olfactory tests (European Test of Olfactory Capabilities, Sniffin' Sticks and Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test) to similarly classify subjects as normosmics, hyposmics and anosmics as well as the relation between test performance and suprathreshold ortho- and retronasal odor intensity ratings were examined.
A total of 48 subjects (age range 15-84 years; mean age 49.5 years) completed the 3 olfactory tests, rated aqueous solutions of vanilla (0-0.31%) and lemon aroma (0-0.17%) for odor and flavor intensity and filled in a background questionnaire. Ten subjects had case histories indicating anosmia, with the remainder having subjectively normal olfaction.
The test results were highly correlated and differentiated anosmic, hyposmic and normosmic subjects. At an individual level, some discrepancy was seen in the olfactory diagnoses given by the three tests. In principal component analysis, olfactory measurements were loaded on three components: (i) odor detection, discrimination and identification; (ii) suprathreshold intensity ratings; and (iii) threshold for n-butanol. Advanced age was related to impaired olfactory performance.
Although the three olfactory tests diagnosed the individuals slightly differently, all were considered to be valid for clinical evaluation of olfactory capabilities. The tests separated anosmics and normosmics highly significantly, and permitted an assessment of hyposmia. The suprathreshold odor intensity ratings reflected a different dimension of olfaction than the three olfactory tests.
研究三种嗅觉测试（欧洲嗅觉能力测试、嗅棒测试和跨文化嗅觉识别测试）将受试者同样分类为嗅觉正常者、嗅觉减退者和嗅觉丧失者的能力，以及测试表现与阈上口腔前和口腔后气味强度评分之间的关系。
共有48名受试者（年龄范围15 - 84岁；平均年龄49.5岁）完成了这3种嗅觉测试，对香草水溶液（0 - 0.31%）和柠檬香气水溶液（0 - 0.17%）的气味和风味强度进行评分，并填写了一份背景调查问卷。10名受试者有嗅觉丧失的病史，其余受试者主观嗅觉正常。
测试结果高度相关，能够区分嗅觉丧失、嗅觉减退和嗅觉正常的受试者。在个体水平上，三种测试给出的嗅觉诊断存在一些差异。在主成分分析中，嗅觉测量指标加载在三个成分上：（i）气味检测、辨别和识别；（ii）阈上强度评分；（iii）正丁醇阈值。高龄与嗅觉表现受损有关。
虽然这三种嗅觉测试对个体的诊断略有不同，但都被认为对嗅觉能力的临床评估是有效的。这些测试能高度显著地区分嗅觉丧失者和嗅觉正常者，并允许对嗅觉减退进行评估。阈上气味强度评分反映了与这三种嗅觉测试不同的嗅觉维度。
